The Impact of Skiing and Tourism on Mountain Environments Essay

The Impact of Skiing and Tourism on Mountain Environments - Essay Example According to ecologists, the enormous increase in skiing since the 1970s has had several effects on mountain water levels of lakes as well as streams; harmed mountain wildlife by the destruction of surroundings, noise and contamination as well as disturbing yearly weather conditions. Winter is a significant source of earnings and the activities such as skiing; snowboarding, hiking and ice climbing rely greatly on snow. Nonetheless, very few people ever actually stop to think about the impact the activity on the mountain as well as its eco-system. For instance, â€Å"orange peel requires more or less two years to break down, butts of cigarette will stay on the hillside for more or less 5 years before the atmosphere breaks them down, when skiing through trees, and one can harm them by knocking off branches as well as killing little shoots beneath† (ETUP, pp. 65-77, 2000). ...h 22' condition as the number of people visiting the resort rises, which in response, generates pressure to develop transport connections to these places and thus, the cycle goes on. The indirect cost of the rise in human wealth and delight is to the detriments of the mountain and its associated environmental situations. Mountains are very receptive to severe alterations that human beings are presently inflicting on them. The recurring harm, as well as environmental changes that people impose on the mountains, is hard to repair. It will not take a year or two for things to get back to normal (Beniston, pp. 46-57, 1994). Human created environmental harm, which results in unpredictable climate changing patterns, with forecasts together with more rain as well as melting glaciers that will result in attrition and overflows on large scale. Poor snow records, diminishing glaciers and unusual weather patterns are few of the implications of these alterations for the alpine in recent years (Clifford, p. 33, 2003) High temperatures noticed in the summer of 2002 caused a few of the European glaci ers to move away by more or less 10 percent creating doubt between some weather experts that in fifty years glaciers could possibly melt away. Since stress rises on the ski businesses to construct higher into the mountains to get to snow consistent regions, receptive high mountainous surroundings influenced eventually. The rise in universal temperatures will have a severe implication for a lot of ski resorts situated at lower altitudes. It is not just as easy as going higher to acquire extra snow.

Recycling Computers :: Recycle Reuse Reduce

Recycling Computers (this paper includes survey and results) In order to keep up with technology, computers must be replaced every few years. Most people simply throw away their old computers and other electrical parts because they are unaware of the environmental problem arising everyday from the careless disposal of electronics. In order to prevent the destruction of the environment people must be educated in two areas; what is in the computer itself that makes it harmful to the environment, and what are the steps in disposing of technology properly. The first step in prevention is through education. The purpose of this document is to educate the consumer on this importance of this issue and what steps they can take personally to help prevent the problem in the future. Today, there is more than two million tons of electronic waste consuming space in the United States’ landfills. Most people however, do not see this as a problem. What most consumers do not know is that computers and electrical components contain toxic materials such as lead, calcium, and mercury that are leaching into our countries landfills. For example, a computer monitor itself may contain up to eight pounds of lead. When twenty students were surveyed on toxins found inside a computer, it was observed that the majority knew there were toxins inside. However, thirty-three percent did not know. When asked what specific toxins can be found inside, the majority of the students were correct with their responses of all three toxins. Did you know that there are hazardous materials in computers? No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Which ones specifically? Mercury Calcium Lead All Three Mercury Lead All Three Mercury All Three Mercury All Three All Three All Three The more important issue that must be addressed is if people are aware of the fact that they can actually recycle their own old computers. The majority of people are unaware of the fact that computers are in fact recyclable in their entirety. Most old computers end up collecting dust simply because they are outdated and better technology is available. When twenty students were surveyed on whether or not they knew computers were recyclable, seventy percent answered that they did not think computers were able to be recycled. The following chart shows the results. Were you aware that computers are recyclable? No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No There are multiple organizations that are set up strictly to help people find electronic recycling information and choose the best method of disposal that is appropriate to their specific needs.

Fin300 Midterm

Ryerson University CFIN300 Midterm Exam Fall 2007 There are 2. 0 hours in this exam. Version A Student Name____________________________ (Please Print) Student Number_________________________________ Notes: 1. This is a closed book exam. You may only have pens, pencils and a calculator at your desk. 2. A formula sheet is attached to the end of the exam. You may detach the formula sheet from the exam. Please fill out the scanner sheet as you go along in the exam. You will not be given extra time at the end of the exam to fill it out. 3.Select the best possible answer for each multiple-choice question 4. Each of the 30 MC questions is worth 1 mark Marks: Available Total 30_________ There are 14 pages in this exam. |2. |Poor Dog, Inc. borrowed $135,000 from the bank today. They must repay this money over the next six years by making monthly | | |payments of $2,215. 10. What is the interest rate on the loan? Express your answer with annual compounding. | |A) |5. 98% | |B) |6. 63% | |C) |4 . 1% | |D) |5. 65% | |E) |5. 80% | |3. |How much would you pay for a security that pays you $500 every 4 months for the next 10 years if you require a return of 8% per | | |year compounded monthly? | |A) |$11,228. 48 | |B) |$15,000. 00 | |C) |$10,260. 0 | |D) |$13,724. 90 | |E) |$10,200. 23 | |4. |You can earn 5% per year compounded annually for the next 4 years, followed by 8% per year compounded quarterly for 5 years. | | |What is the average annual compounded rate of return over the 9 year period? Express your answer with monthly compounding. | |A) | | |B) |6. 2% | |C) |6. 97% | |D) |6. 43% | |E) |6. 59% | |5. |You have just purchased a house for $540,000 with a $200,000 down payment. You are going to get a mortgage at the TF bank for | | |the balance. TF is charging a rate of 5. 8% per year compounded semi-annually on 5 year term mortgages.You want to make weekly| | |payments amortized over 20 years. What is your weekly payment? | |A) |$877. 60 | |B) |$549. 01 | |C) |$545. 47 | |D) | | |E) |$871. 92 | |6. |Master Meter is planning on constructing a new $20 million facility. The company plans to pay 20% of the cost in cash and | | |finance the balance.How much will each monthly loan payment be if they can borrow the necessary funds for 30 years at 9% per | | |year compounded semi-annually? | |A) |$128,740 | |B) |$158,567 | |C) |$160,925 | |D) |$141,982 | |E) |$126,853 | 7. |Gerry Industries has some 8% (per year compounded semi-annually) coupon bonds on the market that are selling at $989, pay | | |interest semi-annually, and mature in fifteen years. The company would like to issue $1 million in new fifteen-year bonds. What | | |coupon rate should be applied to the new bonds if Gerry Industries wants to sell them at par? Express your answer with | | |semi-annual compounding. | |A) |8. 00% | |B) |8. 3% | |C) |7. 87% | |D) |8. 13% | |E) |8. 26% | |8. |You have decided to save $30 a week for the next three years as an emergency fund. You can earn 3. 5 % per year compounded | | |weekly. How much would you have to deposit in one lump sum today to have the same amount in your savings at the end of three | | |years? |A) |$4,441. 26 | |B) |$4,382. 74 | |C) |$4,288. 87 | |D) |$4,305. 19 | |E) |$4,414. 14 | |9. |A credit card company charges you an interest rate of 1. 25% per month.The annual percentage rate is ____ and the effective | | |annual rate is _______. | |A) |15. 00%; 16. 08% | |B) |16. 08%; 15. 00% | |C) |15. 00%; 15. 00% | |D) |15. 00%; 14. 55% | |E) |14. 55%; 15. 00% | |10. The Friendly Bank wants to earn an effective annual rate of 9% on its auto loans. If interest is compounded monthly, what APR | | |must they charge? | |A) |8. 65% | |B) |9. 17% | |C) |8. 58% | |D) |9. 38% | |E) |8. 44% | Use the following to answer question 11: |Rondolo, Inc. |2006 Income Statement | |Net Sales |$12,800 | |Less: Cost of Goods Sold |10,400 | |Less: Depreciation |680 | |Earnings Before Interest and Taxes |1,720 | |Less: Interest Pa id |280 | |Taxable Income |$1,440 | |Less: Taxes |500 | |Net Income |$940 | | Dividends |$423 | | Additions to retained earnings |$517 | |Rondolo, Inc. |2006 Balance Sheet | |Cash | |$520 | |Accounts payable | |$1,810 | |Accounts rec | |1,080 | |Long-term debt | |3,600 | |Inventory | |3,120 | |Common stock | |5,000 | |Total | |$4,720 | |Retained earnings | |1,790 | |Net fixed assets | |7,480 | | | | | |Total assets | |$12,200 | |Total liabilities & equity | |$12,200 | | | | | | | | | |11. |Rondolo, Inc. is currently operating at maximum capacity. All costs, assets, and current liabilities vary directly with sales. | | |The tax rate and the dividend payout ratio will remain constant.How much additional debt is required if no new equity is raised| | |and sales are projected to increase by 4 percent? | |A) |-$122. 08 | |B) |$598. 75 | |C) |$416. 00 | |D) |-$562. 50 | |E) |$318. 01 | |12. |Your brother-in-law borrowed $2,000 from you four years ago and then disappeared. Yesterday he returned and expressed a desire | | |to pay back the loan, including the interest accrued.Assuming that you had agreed to charge him 10% per year compounded | | |annually, and assuming that he wishes to make five equal annual payments beginning in one year, how much would your | | |brother-in-law have to pay you annually in order to pay off the debt? (Assume that the loan continues to accrue interest at 10% | | |per year. ) | |A) |$738. 63 | |B) |$798. 24 | |C) |$772. 45 | |D) |$697. 43 | |E) |$751. 46 | |13. |What information to you need to find the 3 year forward rate starting 2 years from now? |A) |2 and 5 year zero coupon spot rates | |B) |3-year zero coupon spot rate | |C) |2 and 3 year zero coupon spot rates | |D) |5 year zero coupon spot rate | |E) |3 and 5 year zero coupon spot rates | |14. |You have been making payments for the last 25 years and have finally paid off your mortgage.Your original mortgage was for | | |$345,000 and the interest rate was 5% per year comp ounded semi-annually for the entire 25 year period. How much interest have | | |you paid over the last 5 years of the mortgage? | |A) | | |B) |$120,392. 23 | |C) |$13,931. 87 | |D) |$80,743. 13 | |E) |$106,460. 37 | |15. |Which of the following is (are) sources of cash? | | | | | |I. | |an increase in accounts receivable | | | | | |II. | | |a decrease in common stock | | | | | |III. | | |an increase in long-term debt | | | | | |IV. | |a decrease in accounts payable | | | | |A) |I, II, and IV only | |B) |II and IV only | |C) |I only | |D) |III only | |E) |I and III only | |16. Financial planning allows firms to: | | | | | |I. | | |avoid future losses. | | | | | |II. | | |develop contingency plans. | | | | | |III. | | |ascertain expected financing needs. | | | | | |IV. | | |explore and evaluate various options. | | | |A) |I, II, III, and IV | |B) |I and IV only | |C) |III and IV only | |D) |II and III only | |E) |II, III, and IV only | Use the following to answer q uestion 17: |Current |$100 | |Assets | | |A) |$52. 00 | |B) |$22. 50 | |C) |$0. 00 | |D) |$4. 50 | |E) |$29. 50 | |18. |A new security will pay an initial cash flow of $100 in 1 year. Thereafter it will pay cash flows every month for the rest of | | |time.The cash flows will grow at 3% per year compounded monthly forever. If you require a return of 6% per year compounded | | |monthly, how much would you be willing to pay for this security? | |A) |$18,932. 30 | |B) |$40,000. 00 | |C) |$37,864. 59 | |D) |$33,333. 33 | |E) |$20,000. 00 | |19. |Which one of the following actions is the best example of an agency problem? |A) |Basing management bonuses on the attainment of specific financial goals | |B) |Requiring stockholders approval of all management compensation decisions | |C) |Paying management bonuses based on the current market value of the firm's stock | |D) |Paying management bonuses based on the number of store locations opened during the year | |E) |Accepting a project th at enhances both management salaries and the market value of the firm's stock | |20. |The bonds of Frank's Welding, Inc. pay an 8% annual coupon, have a 7. 98% (per year compounded annually) yield to maturity and | | |have a face value of $1,000. The current rate of inflation is 2. 5% per year compounded annually.What is the real rate of return| | |on these bonds? | |A) |5. 42 percent | |B) |5. 48 percent | |C) |5. 35 percent | |D) |5. 37 percent | |E) |5. 32 percent | |21. |What is the future value of the following cash flows at the end of year 3 if the interest rate is 6% per year compounded | | |annually? The cash flows occur at the end of each year. | | | | |Year 1 | | |Year 2 | | |Year 3 | | | | | |$5,180 | | |$9,600 | | |$2,250 | | | | |A) |$19,341. 02 | |B) |$15,916. 8 | |C) |$19,608. 07 | |D) |$18,246. 25 | |E) |$18,109. 08 | |22. |The I. C. James Co. invested $10,000 six years ago at 5% per year simple interest. The I. M. Smart Co. invested $10,000 six years | | |a go at 5% per year compounded annually. Which one of the following statements is true concerning these two investments? | | | | | |I. | | |The I. C.James Co. has an account value of $13,400. 96 today. | | | | | |II. | | |The I. C. James Co. will have an account value of $13,400. 96 six years from now. | | | | | |III. | | |The I. M Smart Co. will earn $525 interest in the second year. | | | | | |IV. | | |Both the I. C. James Co. and the I. M. Smart Co. will earn $500 interest in the first year. | | | |A) |II, III and IV only | |B) |II and IV only | |C) |I and III only | |D) |III and IV only | |E) |I, III and IV only | |23. |The bonds of Microhard, Inc. carry a 10% annual coupon, have a $1,000 face value, and mature in four years. Bonds of equivalent| | |risk yield 15% (per year compounded annually). Microhard is having cash flow problems and has asked its bondholders to accept | | |the following deal: The firm would like to make the next three coupon payments at half the schedu led amount, and make the final | | |coupon payment be $251.If this plan is implemented, the market price of the bond will (rise/fall) to ___________. (Continue to| | |assume a 15% required return. ) | |A) |$892. 51 | |B) |$865. 45 | |C) |$829. 42 | |D) |$808. 89 | |E) |$851. 25 | |24. Your older sister deposited $5,000 today at 8% per year compounded annually for five years. You would like to have just as much | | |money at the end of the next five years as your sister. However, you can only earn 6% per year compounded annually. How much | | |more money must you deposit today than your sister if you are to have the same amount at the end of five years? | |A) |$367. 32 | |B) |$399. 05 | |C) |$489. 84 | |D) |$201. 0 | |E) |$423. 81 | |25. |Net income differs from operating cash flow due to the handling of: | |A) |Interest expense and depreciation. | |B) |Depreciation and dividends. | |C) |Dividends and non-interest expense. | |D) |Dividends and interest expense. | |E) |Dividends, interest expense, and depreciation. | |26. |Shirley adds $1,000 to her savings on the last day of each month. Shawn adds $1,000 to his savings on the first day of each | | |month.They both earn an 8% per year compounded quarterly rate of return. What is the difference in their savings account | | |balances at the end of 35 years? | |A) |$13,923. 34 | |B) |$15,794. 64 | |C) |$16,776. 34 | |D) |$14,996. 47 | |E) |$12,846. 88 | Use the following to answer questions 27-30: |KLM, Inc. |2006 Income Statement | |Net sales |$3,685 | |Cost of goods sold |$3,180 | |Depreciation |$104 | |Earnings before interest and taxes |$401 | |Interest paid |$25 | |Taxable income |$376 | |Taxes |$128 | |Net income |$248 | |Dividends paid |$60 | |Addition to retained earnings |$188 | | | |KLM Corporation | |Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2005 and 2006 | | | | |2005 |2006 | |2005 |2006 | |Cash |$520 |$601 |Accounts payable |$621 |$704 | |Accounts rec. $235 |$219 |Notes payable |$333 |$272 | |Inv entory |$964 |$799 |Current liabilities |$954 |$976 | |Current assets |$1,719 |$1,619 |Long-term debt |$350 |$60 | |Net fixed assets |$890 |$930 |Common stock |$800 |$820 | | | | |Retained earnings |$505 |$693 | |Total assets |$2,609 |$2,549 |Total liabilities and Owner's equity |$2,609 |$2,549 | |27. |What is the net capital spending for 2006? | |A) |$208 | |B) |$144 | |C) |-$144 | |D) |$64 | |E) |-$64 | |28. |What is the cash flow from assets for 2006? |A) |$1,307 | |B) |$2,259 | |C) |$355 | |D) |$2,503 | |E) |$111 | |29. |What is the operating cash flow for 2006? | |A) |$480 | |B) |$169 | |C) |$425 | |D) |$272 | |E) |$377 | |30. |What is the change in net working capital for 2006? |A) |$122 | |B) |$643 | |C) |$765 | |D) |-$643 | |E) |-$122 | |31. |A number of years ago you bought some land for $100,000. Today it is worth $225,000. If the land has been rising is price by | | |5% per year compounded annually, how long have you owned the land? | |A) |14. 1 years | |B) |16. years | |C) |Can't be determined with the given information | |D) |13. 8 years | |E) |12. 4 years | |FV = PV (1+tr) |[pic] | |FV = PV (1+r)t |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |Total Dollar Return (TDR) = Dividend Income + Capital Gain (Loss) | | | | | |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |Variance of returns [pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |Arbitrage Pricing Theory |PV of CCA tax shield [pic] | |[pic] | | |Current Ratio |= |Current Assets | |Total Asset |= |Sales | | | |Current Liabilities | |Turnover | |Total Assets | | | | | | | | | |Quick Ratio |= |Current Assets – Inventory | |ROA |= |Net Income | | |Current Liabilities | | | |Total Assets | | | | | | | | | |Inventory Turnover |= |COGS | |ROE |= |Net Income | | | |Inventory | | | |Total Equity | | | | | | | | | |Cash Ratio |= |Cash | |P/E Ratio |= |Price/common share | | | |Current Liabilities | | | |E PS | | | | | | | | | |Receivables |= |Sales | |Dividend Payout |= |DPS | |Turnover | |Accounts Receivable | |Ratio | |EPS | | | | | | | | | |D/E Ratio |= |Total Debt | |Dividend Payout |= |Cash Dividends | | | |Total Equity | |Ratio | |Net Income | | | | | | | | | |Total Debt Ratio |= |Total Debt | |Market to Book | |Price / Common share | | | |Total Assets | |Ratio |= |Book value of equity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equity multiplier |= |Total Assets | |Profit |= |Net Income | | | |Total Equity |Margin | |Sales | | | | | | | | | |Net Working |= |Net Working Capital | |Interval Measure |= |Current Assets | |Capital-Total Asset | |Total Assets | | | |Average Daily Operating Costs | | | | | | | | | |Long Term Debt |= |Long Term Debt | |Cash Coverage |= |EBIT + Depreciation | |Ratio | |Total Equity + LT Debt | |Ratio | |Interest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Days’ Sales in |= |365 Days | |Days’ Sales in |= |365 Days | |Receivables | |Receivables Turnover | |Inv entory | |Inventory Turnover | | | | | | | | | |Internal Growth |= |ROA x R | |‘Sustainable |= |ROE x R | |Rate | |1 – ROA x R | |Growth Rate | |1 – ROE x R | | | | | | | | | | | | | |‘Sustainable |= |p(S/A)(1+D/E) x R | | | | | |Growth Rate | |1 – p(S/A)(1+D/E) x R | | | | | | | | | |NWC |= |Sales | |Fixed Asset |= |Sales | |Turnover | |NWC | |Turnover | |Net Fixed Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Times Interest |= |EBIT | |CF from Assets = | | | | | |Operating CF – Cap Ex – Additions to NWC | | | | | | | | | | | |Operating CF = EBIT + Deprec – Tax | | | | | |=Sales – Costs – Taxes | | | | | |= (Sales – Costs) x (1 – Tc) + Deprec x Tc | | | | | | | | | | | |Cap Ex = End Gross FA – Beg Gross FA | | | | | |Cap Ex = End Net FA – Beg Net FA + Deprec | | | | | | | | | | |Add to NWC = End NWC – Beg NWC | | | | | | | | | | | |CF to Debtholders = Interest – Net New Debt | | | | | | | | | | | |CF to Shareholders = Divs – Net New Equity | | | | | | | | | | | |CF from Assets = CF to Debtholders + CF to | | | | | |Shareholders | |Earned | |Interest Charges | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Answer Key |2. |E | |3. |E | |4. |E | |5. B | |6. |E | |7. |D | |8. |A | |9. |A | |10. |A | |11. |A | |12. |C | |13. |A | |14. C | |15. |D | |16. |E | |17. |E | |18. |C | |19. |D | |20. |C | |21. |D | |22. D | |23. |C | |24. |C | |25. |A | |26. |D | |27. |B | |28. |C | |29. |E | |30. |E | |31. |B |

Monetary Policy Action Effect on Economy Essay

The Federal Reserve’s decision in August 2006 to leave interest rates unchanged underscores the degree of uncertainty in the U. S. economic establishment about the near future. For the past two years monetary policy more or less went on in a straightforward manner; the Fed’s policymakers raised their benchmark federal funds rate by a quarter point at 17 successive meetings as the economy emerged from a period when deflation looked a real threat back to a more normal world of strong growth and steadily rising inflation. Currently, there are, broadly, three views among economists about what happens next. The first, an optimistic assessment in keeping with recent economic history, favors the â€Å"soft landing† approach. The Fed has raised rates by just enough, according to this view, to restrain growth so as to squash inflation back into its box. The Fed funds rate now stands at 5. 25 per cent; with inflation in the 2. 5 per cent to three per cent range, that represents a real rate of about 2. 5 per cent, a reasonable amount of restraint. On this view, the Fed probably won’t have to do anything more on interest rates for the foreseeable future — just watch in satisfaction as the economy slows to its desired pace. The second view is pessimistic and fearful. It believes that the Fed has already gone too far. The housing market, the driver of so much demand for the global economy, is off sharply. Many Americans are desperately refinancing short-term adjustable rate mortgages they took out three years ago when rates were at historic lows. They are finding themselves with thousands of dollars less a year in disposable income than they had last year. Debt levels are sky high and the savings rate is negative. As consumers rebuild their tattered balance sheets, they will cut spending sharply, with catastrophic consequences. High oil prices are making matters even worse. On this assessment, the next move in rates will be down, if the Fed is to avert a really unpleasant shock to the economy. Some economists think the fed funds will be below 4. 5 per cent by the middle of next year as Ben Bernanke, the Fed chairman, struggles to avert a full-blown recession. The third view might be called fatalistic realism. It accepts the second proposition that, on current policies, a recession is coming, but insists that it is absolutely necessary and it says that the Fed, far from pressing on the economic accelerator, should keep its foot on the brake. For the Fed, and the world, a recession may be the price that now needs to be paid to avert a longer-term catastrophe (Baker).

Research and Evaluation essays

Research and Evaluation essays The article containing the hypothesis used by the research study this paper will discuss is the Teachers' Gestures Facilitate Students' Learning: A Lesson in Symmetry, authored by Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky. The research study, on the other hand, has a document title of Understanding Change in Mathematical Reasoning: Evidence from Speech and Gesture, Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky's article hypothesized that teacher's gestures, as accompanied by speech, enables students to improve comprehension skills and learning abilities. They explained that gestures are forms of abstract that provide supplementary information to students. Through pointing to objects or making hand motions relevant to what is currently being spoken, students can develop association of information Based from the results of a conducted experiment by Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky, they came up with the hypothesis that gestures facilitate students' learning. They carried out an experiment where children are asked to view two types of videotaped lecture on symmetry. The first type shows an explanation using speech and gesture, while the second type shows an explanation using speech alone. After viewing the videotapes, Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky found that the children who viewed the speech-and- gesture lecture showed more understanding on symmetry and asymmetry. Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky's hypothesis was used in Martha Alibali's research study. Martha Alibali's paper aims to provide evidences and inferences from written articles and studies on the effectiveness of applying gestures in speech while conveying Martha Alibali used a number of references to validate her study, and one of the references she used is Valenzeno et.al's article. Her study aims to investigate the effects of using non-verbal communication with verbal ...

Pili de-Shelling Machine(Unfinished) Essays

Pili de-Shelling Machine(Unfinished) Essays Pili de-Shelling Machine(Unfinished) Essay Pili de-Shelling Machine(Unfinished) Essay United State of America, p. 3 The New Lexicon Webster Dictionary Vol. 2, Lexicon Publication Inc. , United State Of America, p. 762 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which were gathered from books and other references including the internet in order to shed lights on areas that need enrichment and to give readers proper background of the present study being conducted. Included in this chapter is the synthesis of the state-of-the-art, theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. Related Literature The Pili nut (Canariumovatum), one of 600 species in the family Burseraceae, is native to the Philippines and is abundant and wild in the Bicol Region particularly in Sorsogon, and in parts of Visayas and Mindanao. Trees of Canariumovatum are attractive symmetrically shaped evergreens, averaging 20 m tall with resinous wood and resistance to strong wind. C. ovatum is dioecious, with flowers borne on cymose inflorescence at the leaf axils of young shoots. As in papaya and rambutan, functional hermaphrodites exist in pili. Pollination is by insects. Flowering of pili is frequent and fruits ripen through a prolonged period of time. The ovary contains three locules, each with two ovules, most of the time only one ovule develops (Chandler 1958). (en. wikipedia. org) Fruit is a drupe, 4 to 7 cm long, 2. 3 to 3. cm in diameter, and weight 15. 7 to 45. 7 g. The skin (exocarp) is smooth, thin, shiny, and turns purplish black as the fruit ripens. Much of the kernel weight is made up of the cotyledons, which are about 4. 1 to 16. 6% of the whole fruit; it is composed of approximately 8% carbohydrate, 11. 5 to 13. 9% protein, and 70% fat. (www. hort. purdue. edu) Pili nut kernel is the most important produ ct. When raw, it resembles the flavor of roasted pumpkin seed, and when roasted, its mild, nutty flavor and tender-crispy texture is superior to that of the almond. Pili kernel is also used in chocolate, icecream, and baked goods. The edible light-yellow color oil from the kernel is comparable in quality to that of olive oil, containing 59. 6% oleic glycerides and 38. 2% palmitic glycerides. The largest buyers of pili nuts are in Hong Kong and Taiwan, the kernel is one of the major ingredients in one type of the famous Chinese festive desserts known as the moon cake. (www. hort. purdue. edu en. wikipedia. org) From Christian B. de Guzman, the Philippines is the only country that produces and processes pili in commercial quantity (Coronel, 1978) and has the monopoly of processed pili in the foreign market. Bicol Region is known for its pili candies and confectioneries which are sold in different product forms and in various packaging containers. These products are exported to Australia, Guam, Canada, Japan, Hongkong, China, UK, Korea, Singapore, Hawaii, Germany, France and the United States. (www. pinoybisnes. com) Pili nut is a minor crop produced only in the Philippines. The bulk of the raw nuts are supplied from wild stands in the mountains around Sorsogon, Albay and Camarines Sur in the Bicol region. Pili nut has the potential to become a major nut crop. Improvement of nd knowledge in efficient vegetative propagation, ecological and cultural requirements of pili as a commercial crop, and the mechanization for commercial processing are needed. Related Study In the study of Ojolo and Ogunsina (2009), they developed a prototype machine to crack roasted cashew nuts. It is a box like machine that has a hinged and spring-loaded mild steel cracking lid with grooves to hold a cast aluminum feeding tray which has machined to hold 25 nuts at a time. The nuts get cracked by the impact of the lid against the feeding tray. The lid provides for a minimum clearance from the feeding ray on which nuts are preloaded; this prevents the applied force from being in excess of the required cracking force. The machine was tested with various cashew nut sizes and placement orientations. The percentage of whole kernels produce was 66. 66%. The capacity of the machine was estimated to be about 18. 3 kg/hr. Another study is headed by Engr. Arnulfo P. Malinis (2009), it is entitled â€Å"Pili Nut Cracker Goes High-tech†. The Bicol University college of Agriculture and Forestry (BUCAF) in collaborator with the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (DA-BPRE), Tropics Agro-Industries (KOLBI) and DA-Regional Field Unit (RFU) 5 developed the latest mechanical pili nut cracker because of the need for appropriate tools and equipment in processing pili nut. The prototype was consisted of six-blade cracker powered by a 1 Hp electric motor. The motor’s energy consumption is 0. 41 kW-hr. The machine consists of fine major parts: the cracking unit, conveying unit, stand/frame, transmission, and prime mover. The prototype was tested using three major parameters: cracking capacity, the cracking efficiency and economic viability. Technology verification of the prototype showed that on the average, it can crack 204 pieces of pili nut in a minute (117 kg/hr) with a cracking efficiency averaging 93% with 89% whole kernel recovery. It is one-man operated machine that could crack bags of dried pili nuts. For eight hours a day, the simple machine could crack 16 bags of dried nuts. To produce the machine an outlay amounting to 40,000 php is needed and they guaranteed that the return of investment is 53% after more than a year of use. Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art The development of the mechanical pili nut cracker is somehow similar to the present study since the researchers aimed to make improvement as to create a possibility of including a motor powered pili de-shilling machine for future research. However, they differ especially in terms of capability and speed, the only advantage of the present study is that: because of being simple of the propose machine, it is easy to carry for a farmer bringing to his farm besides of a mountain than to bring the mechanical pili nut cracker at here. It is more comparable to bring a one especially when you home is far from the place where your pili trees is planted. Also, from your farm you can sell your pili nuts at the price that you want and making the most of the benefits of it is in you because you’re brought pili are all kernels than if you brought pili with shells, after at home, you will de-shell it or you will sell it at a low price. The development of a C ashew Nut Cracking Device is posed similarities in part that the present study is also use a tray for the nuts are hold. They both use the impact force for the cracking of the shells of the nuts. But they differ on the method to make the nuts cracked. Instead of using hinged and spring-loaded mild steel cracking lid, the researchers using in their machine a weighted blocked that is hang on the pulleys. The cashew cracking device is having grooves to hold 25 nuts at a time while the pili de-shelling machine is fabricated a beehive-like tray to hold 17 pili nuts at a time. Cashew nuts get cracked by the impact of the lid against the feeding tray, however pili nuts get crack by the impact of the loosened weighted block at the upper blade which is have direct contact to the shell and the bounce back impact to the lower blade that is also with direct contact to the shell. In cashew cracking device, the lid provides for a minimum clearance from the feeding tray on which nuts are preloaded to prevent the applied force from being excess of the required cracking force. In pili de-shelling machine, it provides a stopper at the both side of the metal plate where the upper and lower blades are attached for it does not excess on the required cut deep needed. Cashew cracking device was tested with various cashew nut and placement orientations, throughout the pili nut will be test with various pili nut sizes but instead of placement orientation, another test is getting how much weight of the weighted block must be needed to crack all pili nuts in the beehive-like tray. Theoretical Framework This study anchored to the law of Isaac Newton, the Third Law of Newton’s Theory. It state that ‘for every action there is an equal and opposite re-action’. The researchers use this theory in respect on the process of cracking the pili shell. Because of being brittle of pili shell, the researchers themselves conclude that it needs only a little amount of force to crack the shell. In relevant with the theory, since the force is going down because of the blowing of the weighted bar, the researchers put a blade under the tray suite in every hole where pili are placed. If the weighted block is blow down it produce impact and the big pili will crack surely but for the small pili, the under blade is designed. For if the upper blade cannot reached the shell of the small pili, the impact of the block will help to crack the shell because it have a another blade under the tray. Pili Nuts Third Law of Newton’s Theory Or The Third Law of Motion Pili De-Shelling Machine Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study was based on the system concept. A system consists of three elements, the input, the process and the output. The input, which is actually the load of the system, consists of all things that enter the system. In this study, the input refers to the pili nuts, which is the main objective of this study to be process and the machine if it is more efficient than to the existing. The process which study, the process refers to research method to be used. The tools in gathering data and procedures of interpretation are also written. The output will be the result of the study after analyzing the data related to the problem under study. The summary reports about the application of the propose principles, if it is more efficient or not to the existing. PROCESS Application of the propose principle to the machine to be actualize its process and gathering data to show if it is more efficient OUTPUT Efficient and economical pili de-shelling machine INPUT Pili de-shelling machine FEEDBACK Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm Notes Francis T. Zee, Pili Nut. hort. purdue. edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/pilinut. html, 2005 Richard A. Hamilton, Planting Pili Trees: An Economical Value for the Philippines. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pili_nut, 2008. Christmas B. De Guzman, Pili Nuts and It’s Uses, pinoybisnes. om/agri-business/pili-nuts-and-its-uses. July, 2010 Rita T. Dela Cruz and ARnulfo Malinis, Pili nut cracker goes high-tech. http://blog. agriculture. ph/pili-nut-cracker-goes-high-tech. html, March 03, 2009 S. J. Ojolo and B. S. Ogunsina, Development of a Cashew Nut Cracking Device, emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1876508show=html, Febraury,2009 Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES This chapter presents the research methods a nd procedures that was utilized in the study. The step by step process of development was the highlight of this chapter. Also discussed was the scientific principles behind the development of the pili de-shelling machine. Methodology The researchers will be using experimental method on a basis of actual values of weight, dimensions or sizes of parts needed for constructing the machine. We will do some trials to test the weight of the block and even the velocity of the block distance per unit time of travel. The primary function of this test is to assure that the entire pili nut in the case will crack. The cracking ability of the machine will depend in the case, composes of two parts, the upper and the lower part. The lower part, there is a tray where the pili nut put in and the lower blade. The upper part has a cover to prevent the movement of the pili nut and where the upper blade attached. Other mechanisms that are part of the case are the stopper, the base, the poles and the upper brazed. In the pulling of the rope, the force you will exert is not too large. It is in the range of 8. 8 to 17. 6 lb more or less. It’s like you pulling a toy car weighing 4 to 8 kg. It is easy to pull because it have a wheels same as this machine. We connect pulley to resist the friction while in operation. With it comes to actual constructing of machine we will make it adjustable. For example, the weighted block can be adjustable by adding another weight to satisfy the required weights needed. The stopper is also adjustable by little-by-little subtracting a height to make get the appropriate height needed. Research Procedure The researchers use a questionnaire to gathered data to answer the problem whether the machine is gender friendly or not and to get the idea of the respondents for the specified improvements given by the researchers. The esearchers selected 10 farmers or sellers randomly who are active in pili farming or selling in Daet, Camarines Norte. The researchers use a time frame to make the research possible. But because of some conflictions to the other subjects of the researchers, they made more adjustments to their time frame. The researchers also use to pattern some of their paper works on the undergraduate thesis that are place at the school library. Assembly and Const ructions This part deals the procedure on how the machine works and operates. 1. The beehive-like tray Here, where pili nuts are place. Because of being like of the beehive holes, the pili is easily shoot and place when you droop it of your hands. 2. The amazing case Here, the upper and lower blades are located. In this part, the beehive-like tray with pili nuts is inserted between the two blades. The upper blade is adjustable for the variation of pili nuts height while the lower blade is fixed on the base. 3. The base, poles and the upper braze The poles are attached to the base at the lower part and the upper braze is on top of it. In the base, the lower blade of the amazing case is in fixed and the upper braze, where the pulley is in place. The poles signify for the approaching height of the weighted block when it drops. 4. The pulley and the rope The rope is attach to the weighted block while the pulley made the pulling of the rope easy for the weighted block goes to it’s initial position. 5. The weighted block It gives the biggest contribution on the machine. The force that can get from falling of it from its initial position serves as to push the upper blade and bounce back by the lower blade. That is why, the pili nuts inserted in between of it where nothing to go but to crack. Statistics Tools CHAPTER 4 Pili De-Shelling Machine For Small Scale Farmers This chapter present and interprets the data gathered by the researchers about getting the efficiency of the Pili De-Shelling Machine. The details are focused on calculating the cracking capacity, the kernel recovery and if the machine is gender friendly, including the economic viability of the machine in compare to the existing and improvements that can be adopted to enhance the machine efficiency. Preliminary test were carried out with dry-rousted pili nuts to determine the performance of the machine. Table 1 and 2 indicates on how to measure the said performance. By using the tables, it will help to give a scientific discussion on how to treat the data. I. The efficiency rate of pili de-shelling machine Table 1: Cracking Capacity Sample| Cracked nuts (pcs)| Time of Operation (s)| 1| | | 2| | | 3| | | 5| | | Mean| | | Table 2: Kernel Recovery Sample| Whole Kernel| Broken Kernel| 1| | | 2| | | 3| | | 5| | | Mean| | | Table 3: Gender Friendliness Respondents| Yes| No| 1| | | | | | 3| | | 5| | | 6| | | 7| | | 8| | | 9| | | 10| | | Mean| | | II. Economic Viability III. Possible Improvements CHAPTER 5 Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary Removing pili kernel on its shell is one problem that farmers encounter in producing high quality of kernel. Manual operation using bolo is time consuming and sometimes it cannot guarantee to produce high quality kernel becaus e this method can damage essential parts of a kernel. As time goes by, there are many machines that have been invented in order to help people to make their work easier. There are even machines that were invented for pili shelling however, none of these have the quality of being economically friendly especially to the small-scale farmers who are working in the Philippines. This idea gives the researchers a motivation to develop a machine that can produce more and high quality pili kernel at low cost, easy to operate and practical for small-scale farmers and sellers. The machine that proposes by the researchers is based on the theory of Isaac Newton which is the law of motion. In this theory it says that every action has an equal and opposite reaction that’s why the researchers use a weighted block as the source of force so that it can crack the pili shell. The researchers was also designed the special tray that is suitable to sizes of pili which is ranging of 4 to 7 cm long, 2. 3 to 3. 8 cm in diameter. This special tray had also blade at the bottom and upper part so that it can assure to crack the pili shell when the weighted block was dropped. This machine also composed of other parts like rope, pulley and stopper. The purpose of pili de-shelling machine especially to the small scale farmers and sellers is to produce pili kernel without using fuel or electricity to operate the machine. As of now the world was suffering to the decreasing source of energy especially fuel, that’s why we need to think another solution to do the same work without consuming a fuel. Pili de-shelling machine was designed in order to help small scale farmers but also the world especially our nature to control the decreasing source of energy. This project aimed to help pili farmers and sellers in their de-shelling operation of pili nuts. The purpose of this study is to develop a pili de-shelling machine that can produce good quality pili kernels with easy operation, it could be economical and in a short period of time. The study was conducted to determine the efficiency and probably economic viability of the proposed fabricated pili de-shelling machine in comparison with other existing pili crackers and sighted some improvements for the machine. The researchers measured the property of pili de-shelling machine in terms of its cracking capacity, kernel recovery and if it was gender friendly. They compare the proposed machine to the existing pili crackers to determine its economic viability. Also, the researchers cited some improvements that could adopted to enhance the capability of the pili de-shelling machine. Findings I. II. III. Conclusions I. II. III. Recommendations I. II. III. IV. Additional Recommendations Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Name : Christian Jess A. Natan Nickname:Nathz Contact No. :09103842029 Address:Pob. I, Basud, Camarines Norte Date of Birth:December 22, 1990 Place of Birth:QMMC, Quezon City Father’s Name:Roberto E. Natan Mother’s Name:Jocelyn A. Natan Religion:Born Again Christian Educational Background Elementary:Mangcamagong Elem. School(S. Y. 2002-2003) Mangcamagong, Basud, Camarines Norte Secondary:Basud National High School(S. Y. 2006-2007) Basud, Camaries Norte Tertiary:Camarines Norte State College(S. Y. 2011-2012) Daet, Camarines Norte Course:Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Name :Edwin T. Bombales Nickname:Edz Contact No. :09463127539 Address:Brgy. Mangga, Sipocot, Camarines Norte Date of Birth:February 07, 1988 Place of Birth:Brgy. Mangga, Sipocot, Camarines Norte Father’s Name:Eduardo T. Bombales Mother’s Name:Beatriz T. Bombales Religion:Roman Catholic Educational Background Elementary:Mangga Elem. School(S. Y. 2000-2001) Brgy. Mangga, Sipocot, Camarines Norte Secondary:Barcelonita Fisheries School(S. Y. 2004-2005) Barcelonita, Cabusau, Camarines Sur Tertiary:Camarines Norte State College(S. Y. 2011-2012) Daet, Camarines Norte Course:Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Name :Karlo Jamie A. Ong Nickname:Kaloy Contact No. :09095699023 Address:p-3, Brgy. Calintaan, Talisay, Camarines Norte Date of Birth:February 12, 1991 Place of Birth:Brgy. 7, Daet, Camarines Norte Father’s Name:James S. Ong Mother’s Name:Rosemarie A. Ong Religion:Roman Catholic Educational Background Elementary:Talisay Elem. School(S. Y. 2000-2001) Talisay, Camarines Norte Secondary:D. Q. Liwag High School(S. Y. 2006-2007) Sto. Domingo, Vinzons, Camarines Norte Tertiary:Camarines Norte State College(S. Y. 2011-2012) Daet, Camarines Norte Course:Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

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What is Socrates' argument against Crito in the argument of the same name Is it persuasive why or why not - Essay Example Crito gets to the prison where Socrates was serving time with a plan hatched to break Socrates out of prison. It is after learning about this that a debate ensues on the justification of Socrates escape (Anton 73) In his argument, Socrates fronts that while the sentencing he received was wrong to begin with, it got reached through a legitimate process. In his thinking, Socrates was of the idea that the trial he got subjected to got done according to the law, he had the chance to defend himself against the allegations, and the verdict got passed by citizens. The matter at hand in this argument was whether content justice, which refers to getting the best result, overrules procedural justice that is following the laid down procedure, or vice versa (Anton 74). Socrates states in his argument that we have to pick whether the law enabled social peace is more vital than an innocent man’s life. Socrates is of the idea that social peace, which gets enabled by the law, is superior to his innocence. In building his case, Socrates puts forward a paternalistic claim stating that since the laws enabled his dad to marry his mother, he considered the law as his parents. He also states that the laws ordered his parents to take him to school. As such, he is both a slave and offspring of law. Socrates feels that he owes the law similar unconditional obedience that slaves owe to their owners and children owe to their parents (Anton 75). Socrates conclusion is that an injustice cannot be made right by another injustice. In this effect, the wrong conviction he had been given would not be made right by escaping prison. Socrates chooses to remain in the confines of his cell as a result of his unwavering belief and faith in Greek law, which he acknowledges awarded him the opportunity to lead a fulfilling life, and attain extensive knowledge (Anton 75). In his thinking, without

The Importance of Tea and Coffee in the Emergence of a Globalized Essay

The Importance of Tea and Coffee in the Emergence of a Globalized World - Essay Example We haven't had any tea for a week... The bottom is out of the Universe.†1 It is quite evident what Kipling feels due to that lack of tea. The bottom is out of the universe, meaning he can’t find any balance in the universe. Nothing to make him steady on his feet. This is the importance of tea. Coffee drinkers feel the same as well, although there exists quite a rivalry among the two groups. The bottom line is the same. People cannot survive without their tea or coffee. From necessity, these drinks have now taken a more important place in our lives. At work, we get tea breaks that help us refresh ourselves, when we want to socialize, we usually â€Å"catch up for coffee† and so on.2 Coffee and tea have taken such an important role in our lives today that businessmen could only think of profiting out of this. Look at the success of coffee chains like Starbucks, Costa, Barista and so on and one can understand just exactly how important this drink is to us. Let us vis it how these drinks came to be a part of the global economy. History of Tea Tea was said to be discovered in China almost 5,000 years ago. Legend says that in 2732 B.C., Emperor Shen Nung was exposed to tea when wild leaves leaves from a tree blew into his pot of boiling water. He was intrigued by the pleasant aroma of the brew and curiously drank some.3 It is said that the Emperor felt a warm feeling pass through his body as he drank the brew and said that he felt â€Å"as if the liquid was investigating every part of his body.† 4 The Emperor Shen Nung decided to name the brew "ch'a", the Chinese character meaning â€Å"to check or investigate†. In 200 B.C., a Han Dynasty Emperor decided that tea would be referred to by writing a special character that illustrated wooden branches, grass, and a man between the two. This written character was also pronounced "ch'a". It symbolized the balance that tea brought in human life.5 The 4th to 8th century saw a great growth spur t for tea. It was now used for more than medicinal purposes and began to be enjoyed even recreationally for pleasure and refreshment. There were more and more tea plantations across the country and all that dealt in the crop ended up rich! Upto the mid-17th century though, all tea was green. When this tea was fermented, people realized that the resultant black tea could hold the aroma longer and was stronger than the mild green teas. This also meant that they could export these teas as they would not lose their aromas and flavor on the journey. Thus, with the advent of foreign trade, black tea was discovered and was a huge success. Role of Tea in Globalization From the start, tea spread from China to different countries such as Tibet, Japan, Russia and Europe. In all these countries, tea has its own space in medicine, culture and status. In Tibet, tea was used as a currency. In Japan, a special Tea Ceremony was created. It is now a very integral part of Japanese lifestyle. Tea is se rved with every meal and served while greeting guests. In Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed to help transport tea. In Europe, tea is treated as a status symbol. Tea based traditions such as â€Å"Afternoon Tea† and â€Å"High Tea† were also said to be created in Europe. While one is more of a light refreshment, the second is an entire meal. Until 1678, tea trade was dominated by the Dutch. But post that, the British began to import tea on a commercial basis and that created a completely new

What is Socrates' argument against Crito in the argument of the same Essay

What is Socrates' argument against Crito in the argument of the same name Is it persuasive why or why not - Essay Example Crito gets to the prison where Socrates was serving time with a plan hatched to break Socrates out of prison. It is after learning about this that a debate ensues on the justification of Socrates escape (Anton 73) In his argument, Socrates fronts that while the sentencing he received was wrong to begin with, it got reached through a legitimate process. In his thinking, Socrates was of the idea that the trial he got subjected to got done according to the law, he had the chance to defend himself against the allegations, and the verdict got passed by citizens. The matter at hand in this argument was whether content justice, which refers to getting the best result, overrules procedural justice that is following the laid down procedure, or vice versa (Anton 74). Socrates states in his argument that we have to pick whether the law enabled social peace is more vital than an innocent man’s life. Socrates is of the idea that social peace, which gets enabled by the law, is superior to his innocence. In building his case, Socrates puts forward a paternalistic claim stating that since the laws enabled his dad to marry his mother, he considered the law as his parents. He also states that the laws ordered his parents to take him to school. As such, he is both a slave and offspring of law. Socrates feels that he owes the law similar unconditional obedience that slaves owe to their owners and children owe to their parents (Anton 75). Socrates conclusion is that an injustice cannot be made right by another injustice. In this effect, the wrong conviction he had been given would not be made right by escaping prison. Socrates chooses to remain in the confines of his cell as a result of his unwavering belief and faith in Greek law, which he acknowledges awarded him the opportunity to lead a fulfilling life, and attain extensive knowledge (Anton 75). In his thinking, without

Marketing in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Marketing in Practice - Essay Example Marketing is based on five Ps namely product, place, price, promotion, and people (Russel 2008, p.12) and through marketing, marketers identify market needs, and prices that consumers will be willing to pay for products addressing those needs (Blythe 2005, p.4); using people in global markets by communicating the specific places where they can be found, and their prices. This way, promotion marketing increases sales substantially, in addition to collecting market feedback regarding consumer tastes and preferences, and addressing specific market needs. Marketing promotion strategies offer great potential for the library of Birmingham, which if explored to the maximum could have the impact of improving the library experience and increasing attendance substantially. For instance, marketing promotion strategies will increase the library’s visibility to the market both around and beyond Birmingham thereby creating awareness of the library and its services fulfilling the marketersâ €™ objectives. ... Marketing promotion strategies are centred on the Library of Birmingham’s exciting displays of content, internal organization, rich archival offers, and user help guidelines that offer readers enhanced new experiences especially in terms of the ease of finding books. Additionally, marketing promotion strategies focus on the library of Birmingham’s innovative technologies such as online search databases that have greatly transformed the library experience; for instance, readers are able to evaluate particular resources in the library through online database reviews and can make book orders without necessarily visiting the physical store. Overall, marketing promotion objectives for the Library of Birmingham are to increase the number of visitors, internet users, book borrowers, Family History service users, in addition to increasing the library use by underrepresented ethnic minority and socially excluded groups, and the library’s use for learning and study. This p aper presents a report on the marketing promotion situation analysis of the Library of Birmingham using the SOSTAC model; this report aims at establishing the library’s current promotion and public relation marketing strategies, key objectives, in addition to a strategic direction action plan, and the control metrics. Apart from that, this report will also propose a number of recommendations for the library’s promotion and public relation marketing strategies, specific goals that should be focused in the approaches, and viable future trajectory options for the library of Birmingham. Introduction Marketing promotion strategies are increasingly becoming a focal point of management in the business world today due to increasing pressures in the complex market environments; in this

The Ku Klux Klan prevented African Americans from gaining civil rights Essay Example for Free

The Ku Klux Klan prevented African Americans from gaining civil rights Essay The â€Å"Ku Klux Klan† were an Anglo-Saxon based cult who believed solely on white supremacy. The movement was first formed in the 1860’s in order to protect white rights; they mainly formed in the very deep southern states of America. Since starting the â€Å"KKK† has gone through phases of popularity followed by essentially fading in number. However in 1915 the â€Å"KKK† was reestablished with great force, now standing for what they described as Americanism, Christianity and Morality. After this The â€Å"KKK† continued to grow in number up until the late 1960’s, boasting numbers between two and five million members including some important political influence. The â€Å"KKK† mostly used there aggressive manner and force they brought upon the black people. This intimidation stopped the black people from living near white communities and also made sure they would not complain or try to use their rights. This was so affective because the black people were so afraid or murder and torture they did not complain or protest for civil rights, therefore keeping this problem from the rest of America and the world. The â€Å"KKK† were ruthless in the south at this time as they preformed murders and destroyed black communities in order to install such fear that the blacks would keep quiet. Most black people felt so intimidated they couldn’t even vote because of the almost inevitability that the â€Å"KKK† would find out which would result in murders and firebombing of households. The â€Å"KKK† was such a significant group because of the vast amount of members that belonged to the movement, especially in the southern states. The black people could not work out who was a Klan member or not so became scared and untrustworthy of all people, this lead to black even losing faith in the law and American politics. This was because many members and supporters of the Klan were very powerful at the time in America and held some powerful jobs. Senators, judges and police chiefs all potentially could have been Klansmen. This installed an even greater fear into the black people of America. These members also made sure that politically civil rights laws were not passed and in a state bases laws were not even kept. For example Bull Conner had powerful jobs within Birmingham, Alabama and the police chief for that town and due to his known racism made sure that all black citizens of Birmingham were treated badly and were refused freedom of speech, therefore this create d an even bigger state of fear for citizens of Alabama at that time. Many Black people living within Southern states as soon as they saved enough money or sorted out arrangements’ moved form the south to the north were they knew they would be treated fairer. This was made sure by the â€Å"KKK† that there were not enough blacks to even fight for their rights even if they could, for example if they could vote there would not be enough black people to make a difference and made sure that integration into white schools was not a problem. Also if black people were fleeing from the south to the north the â€Å"KKK† had won as they did not want to live amongst them anyway and made sure they knew they had forced them out by their intense persecution. On the other hand, it can be argued that the â€Å"KKK† failed in their overall aim to stop black people from gaining civil rights in America. Schools and collages in both North and South stats became desegregated despite the Klan’s abuse. This proved that no matter what the black population still united and eventually won against this racial Tierney form the â€Å"KKK†. This also proved that still the majority of politicians believed in civil rights and proved that the â€Å"KKK† did not have as much influence within politics as they thought. The obvious other victory of this was that the younger generations began to accept black people as human beings and integrated them into same societies which proved that the â€Å"KKK† could not last forever and once the last of the Klansmen die out there will be very few people to take their places. The â€Å"KKK† might have hindered the progress of civil rights being achieved in some states within southern America but there was still a large part of America who by this times supported civil rights and sympathized with how the blacks were treated in the south by the â€Å"KKK†, this created resentment for the North against the Klan and built up more support and votes for pro civil rights politicians. Therefore in the long run the Klan just hindered themselves and made sure essentially that the black were treated better and given more rights. The influx of many civil rights activist groups such as the NAACP and the SCLC essentially cancelled out the â€Å"KKK† as these groups thanks to the likes of Martin Luther King used clever modern tactics to counteract the Klan’s forces. These groups supported blacks in all areas from peaceful protest to help in the court rooms. The Klan’s unimaginative and predictable methods were no match for the power of things like the media and use of making sympathy for the black people in the south. The NAACP even helped black people get the vote in southern states so. Therefore there were civil rights sympathizes even in southern states. In conclusion, The â€Å"Ku Klux Klan† was a successful movement and stopped many black people from succeeding in gaining Civil Rights mainly in the South. However, In 1964 The Civil Rights Act was passed and therefore could not succeed and never really stopped it, essentially they just succeeded in prolonging this act for a while.

major moral conflict in antigone

major moral conflict in antigone Moral Conflict in Antigone Essay The major moral conflict in Antigone by Sophocles is the conflict over which value is most fundamental. The play presents the moral conflict over whether the gods law or the citys law is more powerful. This seems to be the most prominent theme. The conflict arises mainly between the tragic heroes Antigone and her uncle-in-law Creon, King of Thebes. The city of Thebes had been through a war in which Antigone and her sister Ismene have lost both of their brothers to it, Eteocles and Polyneices. Eteocless fighting for Thebes was buried and honored as a hero. (lines 24-26) Polyneices was left unburied and dishonored because he is considered an enemy of the city. (lines 27-32) Creon edicts that whoever broke the law by burying Polyneices will be considered a criminal. (lines 203-209) The conflict between Antigone and Creon arises when she decides she must honor her brothers death and gives him burial. (line 72) I myself will bury him, she expressed to Ismene. Once Antigone has buried her brother, she is brought before King Creon to explain her actions. (p. 177) Sophocles presents the two sides of the conflict, moral law versus city law; Antigone expresses the side of moral law and Creon expresses his side with the laws of the city. Antigone begins by telling her sister Ismene it was her duty as a sister that she should bury her dead brother. It is a duty she owes to her family. She also expresses that the king will not keep me from my own. In other words, duty to the family is above her duty to the city. Antigone also tells Ismene that she is willing to become a criminal and die for her beliefs. She believes her death will not be in vain, and it is honoring her family; and the gods, in turn, will recognize that as true honor. She continues by saying that she woul d rather please her dead brother than the city, so she disobeys the law. (line 89) When a messenger comes to Creon, bringing the news that Antigone has buried her brother, he begins his arguments why Antigone has broken the law. He begins by stating that a man shows what he is made of by his skill in rule and law. In other words, the law is everything and as a ruler, he must do everything for his country. He considers Polyneices an enemy of the city and a threat to the security of the city as well. Thus Polyneices will be called a traitor in life and in death and dishonored. The scene when Antigone and Creon face each other is the opportunity for both to defend themselves. Creon questions Antigone. She bases her responses on that the city laws proclaiming her as illegal are not the laws of Zeus or laws proclaimed by gods, but rather, laws made by a man that one day will also die. She will honor her brothers death because this is what the gods have proclaimed for all mankind. (lines 460-463) In the dialogue between Creon and Antigone she also defends herself when he questions her as to why an enemy should be honored. She responds by saying she loved her brothers and her family, and they are not her enemies. Creon also asked Antigone why she was the only one defying him. She answers him by saying that there are many others who do not speak out because they fear him. (lines 508-509) Antigone offers one last argument in stating that she loves her family and will welcome death because she will join her dear family. If she has broken any of the gods laws, she will know when she dies. She believes that good-will will have come from her death. (lines 878-882) Creon responds to Antigone by calling her a criminal. She has disobeyed his law. If he lets her live, he will become a liar in the eyes of the city. (pp. 186-187) Creon considers himself as a good ruler; good rules cannot possibly allow his own family to rebel against him, in being disobedient because others will do the same. A good ruler must also put the laws and country above everything else. If he allows disobedience, it will destroy everything. (line 671) Part of the conflict is also presented by Haemon. Haemon is Creons son and Antigones future husband. Haemon comes to offer his father and advice. He tells his father the people of the city are calling him unjust for killing Antigone. Haemon advises his father that a good ruler is one that is open-minded and not ashamed of learning something new. The city wants Creon to let the girl live. (lines 692-695) Haemon also tells his father if he goes through with his determination of killing Antigone, he will be dishonoring the gods. Haemon calls his fathers judgment empty. (p. 190) Another aspect of city laws versus gods laws is presented by the prophet Teiresias. He also advises Creon to leave the dead man alone. (lines 1027-1030) Creon will not gain anything by killing one over a dead man. Creon is held steadfast on his belief; not even Zeus himself will change his mind. (line 1040) The prophet says to Creon that the best thing a man has is his ability to listen to advice. (line 1050) Tieresiass conclusion by telling Creon if he kills Antigone he would have dishonored the gods and will pay for it. (line 1072) In presenting Antigones and Creons views, Sophocles makes the reader realize Creon is acting unjustly. He refuses to see the good in Antigones actions. He also has placed a bigger value in the laws and the city than the love for his family, his son, daughter-in-law, mothers, and sisters. He refuses to see the laws of the gods until the prophet tells him he will pay. (line 1070) Antigone never questions the love for her family as Creon never questions what he considers his duty to the city until the end when his actions have led to the death of Antigone, Haemon and his wife. This conflict could be resolved rationally if Creon was able to listen to the advice of his son Haemon and the prophet Teiresias. Both advise him not to take action against Antigone. The laws of the city are dishonoring the laws of the gods. A case of internal conflict is presented in the person of Ismene. She too is very distraught by the death of her brothers and all of the tragedy that has fallen upon her family. (lines 50-60) The conflict is shown by all of the arguments she offers Antigone for not helping her with the burial of Polyneices. The first one is that she does not want the wrath of city law to fall on her. (line 58) She continues by adding that Antigone and she are only women that cannot fight men. (line 62) She also says she must be obedient to city laws and those who are stronger, no matter how painful it could be. (line 63) Lastly, Ismene says she shall yield on this to the authorities. (line 67) Its further proof of her internal conflict when upon her sisters fate Ismene confronts Creon and tells him she had a part in Polyneices burial. (line 537) She is willing now to join Antigone in her troubles and is not ashamed to admit it. (line 539) She is willing to join Antigone in death. In the case of Ismene, her character is able to resolve the conflict on her own. She realizes she is nothing without her family and Creons laws have taken her family away. The conflict presented in Antigone involves all the characters and tragic heroes. Whether its internal conflict or conflict between two people, the theme is present throughout the entire play. Opposing views lead the main characters to take actions that eventually destroy all.

The Economic Underpinnings of the First Industrial Revolution in England :: essays research papers

The Economic Underpinnings of the First Industrial Revolution in England The manufacture of military munitions and the development of a home market were critical underpinnings of the first industrial revolution in Britain. Military manufacturing supported by the British Government contributed directly to technological innovation and spurred industrialization. This is because the companies that choose to fulfill the government contracts to make military munitions found money could be made if new processes and technology was developed to fulfill the huge contracts. Military manufacturing was one of the few industries where innovation was rewarded. In most other industries conservative investors were reluctant to invest in new manufacturing technology. But in military manufacturing the government was the investor and was unconcerned with the manufacturing technology as long as the product was delivered on time. Many technological advances were made through military manufacturing some of these were new ways to manufacture iron, conveyer belts, and the use machine tools . The technology developed for military manufacturing then spilled over into the civilian sector of the economy. And because it was now a tested technology investors who were normally cautious were willing to put their capital into these ventures which instead of pouring iron to make guns now made iron ore into stoves and pots. The second critical underpinning of the first industrial revolution was the development of a home market in Britain. The first British industrialists manufactured textiles; specifically cotton for the home market. The growth of the home market in Britain promoted industrialization in several ways. First, it was a steady market which able to cushion the export market which was very dynamic and had sudden fluctuations. This allowed a steady rate of growth even when exports fell. Second, the home market started the process of urbanization by causing people to leave the agricultural sector of the economy and move to the cities to work in the cotton and textile factories. This urbanization had a snowballing effect throughout the economy because it caused other business and factories to open in the cities to support this new urban class. Third, the home market caused investments to be made in improving infrastructure including roads,

Living like weasels

Eighty seven percent of women and eighty one percent of men become parents at some point during their working lives (AUP. Org). That is a pretty high percentage of people whose lives change when they find out they are expecting a child. You suddenly become responsible for another human being. A part of that responsibility is making extremely important decisions that will affect your child's health and wellbeing, such as deciding whether or not you want to get your child vaccinated.This has been an ongoing debate for decades, but only in the last decade has it come at the forefront of American political discussion. Both sides of the debate have positives and negatives, but the real question Is: which choice Is ultimately better for your child? Whilst doing my research on this topic, I came across a very moving article by a mother who had been anta-vaccination but after doing some Intense research and collecting real science, switched over to the pro-vaccination side of the debate.Duri ng her research, she stumbled upon statistics such as: Persists killed an estimated 200,752 people annually pre-vaccination era, but only 13,506 annually post-vaccination era. That is a 93% decrease in deaths. Hepatitis B killed 66,232 people annually pre vaccination era, but only 11,269 annually post-vaccination era. That is an 83% decrease. This mother is very happy with her decision to switch over, and even goes as far as saying â€Å"l was terribly wrong about vaccines, and I'm thankful my girls never caught not blindly following what others putting my trust in science, and discovering who were really my friends all along (Sandals). Not only does this mother believe vaccination is the way to go, but so do a large number of doctors. I found one specific article, written by a practicing physician, Robert Pearl, that was also quite convincing when I was gathering research for the pro-vaccination side of this hot debate. He opens his essay with a very eye opening statement that jus t breaks your heart: â€Å"There is nothing more disheartening for a physician than watching a patient die from a preventable cause (Pearl). † According to Dir.Pearl, the vaccines used in our day and age have minimal risks and safe track records. They undergo rigorous testing, and have proven their effectiveness in clinical trials (Pearl). A great reason for why people should be vaccinated is that it prevents the spread of extremely dangerous diseases. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963, hundreds of thousands of people in the U. S. Contracted the disease annually; but since 1963, reported cases fell to less than a thousand a year.Things began to change In 1998 when a British physician published a study that falsely asserted a investigation into the work revealed the the research was unethical and full of conflicts of interest. The article was filled with false data, and the health care risks described have been discredited. However, the damage had been don e. In the U. S. , new measles cases have tripled as of 2013 (Pearl). I also found more than ten other reasons supporting vaccinations for children/people on the website Procom. Org.Pro-vaccination supporters believe that no individual should have the right to risk the health of the public solely for the purpose of satisfying their personal moral, philosophical, or religious views. There is also the concept of â€Å"herd immunity' within pro-vaccination: since some individuals that have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75% – 94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity. † When herd immunity is achieved the number of minimized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population.In response to the claim that vaccines are linked to autism, pro-vaccine supports say that many studies, including one done by researchers at the Centers for Disease Contro l and Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, all reject the hypothesis that temporal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism. To furthermore provide evidence that there is no connection between autism and vaccines, in the case of Mead v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, on March 12th, 2010, the US Court of Federal Claims ruled that the â€Å"theory of vaccine-related causation [of autism]† is scientifically unsupportable.Another main concern for pro-vaccination supporters is the spread of the human papilla virus (HIP). They believe that girls between the ages of 11 and 12 should be required to get the human papilla virus (HIP) vaccine because it protects against four strains of HIP – two of which cause cervical cancer. In the US, cervical cancer is the second leading cancer killer of women. The HIP vaccine can stop these deaths and should be given to all girls fore they become sexually active and have the potential to contract HIP (Pr ocom. Org).The case for pro-vaccination is extremely convincing. However, there is a whole other side to the debate: the anti-vaccination supporters. There are many people who completely believe that vaccines do more harm than good, and that vaccination should not be required for children/adults. According to the International Medical Council on Vaccination, among the top ten reasons to say no to vaccination are reasons such as â€Å"health cannot come through a needle,† â€Å"like bee stings and doses of incline, you can have many vaccines without a reaction†¦ UT the next one can be deadly,† and that â€Å"each shot is Russian Roulette; you never know which chamber has the bullet that could kill you (Tenement). † According to Dir. Sherries Tenement, who is a doctor of osteopathy and the director and founder of Esteemed II, vaccine safety studies are short and inconclusive, and are performed on children who are not ill and not on medication, in other words, by to all children and all adults, even those who have been chronically sick and on different types of medication, so we don't really know until that happens what the rue clinical trial is around safety (Tenement).Furthermore, Dir. Tenement defines the true meaning of effective in regards to its usage in the phrase â€Å"vaccines are safe and effective†. What effective really means, in this case, is that a substance is shot into a body, and then creates an antibody. There is a leap in assumption though, that simply because you have the antibody, it will protect you and keep from getting sick. In reality, a lot of information out there leads us to believe that we don't really know what antibody means. Does they mean that you're chronically sick? Does it mean you've had an exposure?Does it mean you've had a certain level of protective antibody but you still get sick? Effective doesn't necessarily translate into protecting you from getting sick (Tenement). Doctor Merely NAS tal ks about the Guardrails controversy in one of her interviews from a anti-vaccination point of view. She states that she doesn't know how other doctors can prescribe something like Guardrails, when it is impossible to figure out what the risk benefit equation is (NAS). Her views support a claim I came across on the Procom. Org website, stating that young girls should not receive mandatory vaccination for HIP.According to the organization, the long-term effects are unknown. Since approval, adverse side effects such as severe allergic reactions, Guilin-Barr © syndrome, spinal cord inflammation and pancreatic have been reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. Although these adverse reactions may be rare, they are not worth the risk since the vaccine only protects against two of the many strains of HIP that may cause cancer of the cervix I came across countless other supporting arguments for the anti-vaccinations side of this debate. Many parents hold religious belie fs against vaccination.Forcing parents o vaccinate their children would violate the 1st Amendment of the U. S. Constitution which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion. Vaccines also interfere with natural law and God's plan for humanity. Disease is a natural occurrence, and humans should not interfere with its trajectory. Additionally, vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and Guilin-Barr © Syndrome (GABS). Vaccines can also cause brain inflammation, which can lead to death or permanent brain damage and disorders such as autism, ADD/ADD, and other developmental problems.Their argument supporting the link between vaccines and autism states that the vaccine additive temporal (found in most pre-1999 vaccines) has been associated specifically with the development of autism and is still found in certain macroeconomic, tetanus, and flu vaccines such as the HI IN vaccine. Lastly, a main argument for the ant i- vaccination supporters is that children should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine because Hepatitis B is a bloodstone disease and is primarily spread by sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use, therefore children are not at great risk of contracting the disease (Procom. G). Many decades. The purpose of this essay is not to sway you towards either side of the debate, but to inform you about the arguments and supporting reasons that each side has to allow you to form your own opinion and decision about whether or not to vaccinate your kids and/or yourself. Both sides of the debate have many convincing and shocking facts, but in the end, it comes down to who you personally agree with more, and which research that you find is the most credible and trustworthy. Good luck all! Works Cited Merely NAS on Vaccines. Dir. Null, Gary. Prod. Null Gary. Peer. NAS, Merely. 2012. Youth. Com. Living like weasels Eighty seven percent of women and eighty one percent of men become parents at some point during their working lives (AUP. Org). That is a pretty high percentage of people whose lives change when they find out they are expecting a child. You suddenly become responsible for another human being. A part of that responsibility is making extremely important decisions that will affect your child's health and wellbeing, such as deciding whether or not you want to get your child vaccinated.This has been an ongoing debate for decades, but only in the last decade has it come at the forefront of American political discussion. Both sides of the debate have positives and negatives, but the real question Is: which choice Is ultimately better for your child? Whilst doing my research on this topic, I came across a very moving article by a mother who had been anta-vaccination but after doing some Intense research and collecting real science, switched over to the pro-vaccination side of the debate.Duri ng her research, she stumbled upon statistics such as: Persists killed an estimated 200,752 people annually pre-vaccination era, but only 13,506 annually post-vaccination era. That is a 93% decrease in deaths. Hepatitis B killed 66,232 people annually pre vaccination era, but only 11,269 annually post-vaccination era. That is an 83% decrease. This mother is very happy with her decision to switch over, and even goes as far as saying â€Å"l was terribly wrong about vaccines, and I'm thankful my girls never caught not blindly following what others putting my trust in science, and discovering who were really my friends all along (Sandals). Not only does this mother believe vaccination is the way to go, but so do a large number of doctors. I found one specific article, written by a practicing physician, Robert Pearl, that was also quite convincing when I was gathering research for the pro-vaccination side of this hot debate. He opens his essay with a very eye opening statement that jus t breaks your heart: â€Å"There is nothing more disheartening for a physician than watching a patient die from a preventable cause (Pearl). † According to Dir.Pearl, the vaccines used in our day and age have minimal risks and safe track records. They undergo rigorous testing, and have proven their effectiveness in clinical trials (Pearl). A great reason for why people should be vaccinated is that it prevents the spread of extremely dangerous diseases. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963, hundreds of thousands of people in the U. S. Contracted the disease annually; but since 1963, reported cases fell to less than a thousand a year.Things began to change In 1998 when a British physician published a study that falsely asserted a investigation into the work revealed the the research was unethical and full of conflicts of interest. The article was filled with false data, and the health care risks described have been discredited. However, the damage had been don e. In the U. S. , new measles cases have tripled as of 2013 (Pearl). I also found more than ten other reasons supporting vaccinations for children/people on the website Procom. Org.Pro-vaccination supporters believe that no individual should have the right to risk the health of the public solely for the purpose of satisfying their personal moral, philosophical, or religious views. There is also the concept of â€Å"herd immunity' within pro-vaccination: since some individuals that have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75% – 94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity. † When herd immunity is achieved the number of minimized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population.In response to the claim that vaccines are linked to autism, pro-vaccine supports say that many studies, including one done by researchers at the Centers for Disease Contro l and Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, all reject the hypothesis that temporal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism. To furthermore provide evidence that there is no connection between autism and vaccines, in the case of Mead v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, on March 12th, 2010, the US Court of Federal Claims ruled that the â€Å"theory of vaccine-related causation [of autism]† is scientifically unsupportable.Another main concern for pro-vaccination supporters is the spread of the human papilla virus (HIP). They believe that girls between the ages of 11 and 12 should be required to get the human papilla virus (HIP) vaccine because it protects against four strains of HIP – two of which cause cervical cancer. In the US, cervical cancer is the second leading cancer killer of women. The HIP vaccine can stop these deaths and should be given to all girls fore they become sexually active and have the potential to contract HIP (Pr ocom. Org).The case for pro-vaccination is extremely convincing. However, there is a whole other side to the debate: the anti-vaccination supporters. There are many people who completely believe that vaccines do more harm than good, and that vaccination should not be required for children/adults. According to the International Medical Council on Vaccination, among the top ten reasons to say no to vaccination are reasons such as â€Å"health cannot come through a needle,† â€Å"like bee stings and doses of incline, you can have many vaccines without a reaction†¦ UT the next one can be deadly,† and that â€Å"each shot is Russian Roulette; you never know which chamber has the bullet that could kill you (Tenement). † According to Dir. Sherries Tenement, who is a doctor of osteopathy and the director and founder of Esteemed II, vaccine safety studies are short and inconclusive, and are performed on children who are not ill and not on medication, in other words, by to all children and all adults, even those who have been chronically sick and on different types of medication, so we don't really know until that happens what the rue clinical trial is around safety (Tenement).Furthermore, Dir. Tenement defines the true meaning of effective in regards to its usage in the phrase â€Å"vaccines are safe and effective†. What effective really means, in this case, is that a substance is shot into a body, and then creates an antibody. There is a leap in assumption though, that simply because you have the antibody, it will protect you and keep from getting sick. In reality, a lot of information out there leads us to believe that we don't really know what antibody means. Does they mean that you're chronically sick? Does it mean you've had an exposure?Does it mean you've had a certain level of protective antibody but you still get sick? Effective doesn't necessarily translate into protecting you from getting sick (Tenement). Doctor Merely NAS tal ks about the Guardrails controversy in one of her interviews from a anti-vaccination point of view. She states that she doesn't know how other doctors can prescribe something like Guardrails, when it is impossible to figure out what the risk benefit equation is (NAS). Her views support a claim I came across on the Procom. Org website, stating that young girls should not receive mandatory vaccination for HIP.According to the organization, the long-term effects are unknown. Since approval, adverse side effects such as severe allergic reactions, Guilin-Barr © syndrome, spinal cord inflammation and pancreatic have been reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. Although these adverse reactions may be rare, they are not worth the risk since the vaccine only protects against two of the many strains of HIP that may cause cancer of the cervix I came across countless other supporting arguments for the anti-vaccinations side of this debate. Many parents hold religious belie fs against vaccination.Forcing parents o vaccinate their children would violate the 1st Amendment of the U. S. Constitution which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion. Vaccines also interfere with natural law and God's plan for humanity. Disease is a natural occurrence, and humans should not interfere with its trajectory. Additionally, vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and Guilin-Barr © Syndrome (GABS). Vaccines can also cause brain inflammation, which can lead to death or permanent brain damage and disorders such as autism, ADD/ADD, and other developmental problems.Their argument supporting the link between vaccines and autism states that the vaccine additive temporal (found in most pre-1999 vaccines) has been associated specifically with the development of autism and is still found in certain macroeconomic, tetanus, and flu vaccines such as the HI IN vaccine. Lastly, a main argument for the ant i- vaccination supporters is that children should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine because Hepatitis B is a bloodstone disease and is primarily spread by sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use, therefore children are not at great risk of contracting the disease (Procom. G). Many decades. The purpose of this essay is not to sway you towards either side of the debate, but to inform you about the arguments and supporting reasons that each side has to allow you to form your own opinion and decision about whether or not to vaccinate your kids and/or yourself. Both sides of the debate have many convincing and shocking facts, but in the end, it comes down to who you personally agree with more, and which research that you find is the most credible and trustworthy. Good luck all! Works Cited Merely NAS on Vaccines. Dir. Null, Gary. Prod. Null Gary. Peer. NAS, Merely. 2012. Youth. Com.