United Nations Security Council Reform :: UN World Politics Essays

Chief responsibility for the maintenance of peace and security lies with the Security Council. It is therefore essential to its legitimacy that its membership reflect the state of the world. French President Chiracs address to the United Nations General Assembly.ObjectiveThe focus of this paper is on the United Nations Security Council reform issue. It will start by giving some history on the United Nations charter and the Security Council. This background will set up a debateion on the past and present proposals to reform the Security Council. I will also offer analysis on the feasibility of these reform proposals. I will then(prenominal) discuss what the key countries think about Security Council reform. stage settingUnited Nations BackgroundThe United Nations was born out of the turmoil of two devastating world wars. It was realised in the hopes that a strong international organization could foster enough cooperation between nations in order to prevent future conflicts. In 1 945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco to draw up the United Nations pursue. Those delegates deliberated on the proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August and October of 1944. The Charter was signed on June, 26 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. Since then the United Nations has grown significantly. The United Nations General Assembly now consists of 191 Member States.The predecessor of the United Nations was the ill-fated League of Nations, which was conceived under similar circumstances afterwards World War I. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent World War II.Fifty-eight years after the signing of the Charter, the world has changed dramatically. Its universal typeface and comprehensiv eness make the United Nations a unique and indispensable forum for governments to work together to address global issues. At the same time, there remain a large gap between aspiration and real accomplishment. There have been many successes and many failures. The United Nations is a bureaucracy that struggles understandably in its attempt to bring together 191 countries. It must come at no surprise, therefore, that a consensus cannot always be reached with so many different competing voices. Security Council BackgroundThe Security Council of the United Nations has the primary responsibility under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Process Essay - How to Recognize and Eliminate Macro Viruses

Process Essay - How to Recognize and Eliminate Macro VirusesImagine starting up your computer only to see the grasp on the screen melt while eerie music plays. The hard drive crunches away. What is it doing in there? Before you turn off the machine, most of your commits put one over been deleted. Your computer is the victim of a computer virus. But where did the virus come from? It may have been that game you borrowed or, more likely, it came from an electronic document. Most viruses infect programs, notwithstanding newer viruses washbowl infect documents as well. This is the case with large viruses that infect Microsoft battle cry files. In fact, the number of these viruses has increased from 40 in 1996 to over 1,300 in 1998. Anyone who reads Word files created by others can be at risk. Infected documents spread easily and quickly, especially in environments where documents are shared. What is a macro virus? A macro virus is a program that infects documents and spre ads by copying itself. When a document containing a macro virus is opened on your computer, the virus copies itself into something called the global template, which is apply to save Word settings. Once this template is infected, all documents you save will contain the virus. If you distribute an infected document, the virus will spread even further. in any case making copies of themselves, viruses can have other harmful effects. They can delete or change document contents, change Word settings, set passwords on your documents so that you cant read them, or delete all of your files the next time you start your computer. How can I tell if my computer has a macro virus? Many viruses are so good at covering their tracks that you may not even realize they are t... ...e all macros found in a document. Unless you need to use the macros in a document, you should disable them. Make the normal.dot file read-only. This file is where viruses reside in an infected system. A virus c ant copy itself into this file if it is read-only. Here is how to do this in Windows 98 - First click the Start button, then click Find, and then click Files or Folders. - Type normal.dot into the Named box and then click Find Now. - At the bottom of the window should be the normal.dot file with an icon next to it. Click on this file with the right mouse button and then click Properties. - Check the Read-only box and click OK. Preventing macro viruses is easy compared to the amount of time and frustration involved in removing them. For more information on macro virus prevention, read the Macro Virus FAQ at http//www.look.com/mfaq.html.

Frank Sinatra Essay -- essays research papers

Frank Sinatra     As we inch towards the year 2000, we look back to the pre-dominant individuals of the 20th century. cadence magazine voted Frank Sinatra as the worlds most influential vocalist of the 20th century. Frank Sinatra not only excelled but transcended music and became a true personality of our time. Whether youre talking about recorded music, live performances, movies or simply living large, Frank Sinatra has done that all. He has become an world(prenominal) figure, having the reputation as a celebrity, icon, bad boy and the greatest singer of American popular songs. He is gon as being Americas first teen idol and also as a true American Legend. You whitethorn all know the name "Frank Sinatra" but you may all not know why Frank Sinatra is a cultural icon. later reading the book "SinatraBehind the Legend" by Randy Tarabelli, I learned a corporation about this American legend.Francis Albert Sinatra was born on Dec.12th,1915 in Hobo ken, New Jersey. His parents were Italian immigrants and he grew up poor in the streets of Hoboken. Those hard early years do him all the more determined to work hard and make something of his life. He was a very ambitious person. Since he was a little boy he loved to sing. In his teen years he attended a Bing Crosby concert and that is when he decided that he overly would become a singer. At the age of 19 the first break of his musical career came on when he sang with a band called the Hoboken Four. After ... Frank Sinatra Essay -- essays research papers Frank Sinatra     As we inch towards the year 2000, we look back to the pre-dominant individuals of the 20th century. Time magazine voted Frank Sinatra as the worlds most influential vocalist of the 20th century. Frank Sinatra not only excelled but transcended music and became a true personality of our time. Whether youre talking about recorded music, live performances, movies or simply living large, Frank Sinatra has done that all. He has become an international figure, having the reputation as a celebrity, icon, bad boy and the greatest singer of American popular songs. He is known as being Americas first teen idol and also as a true American Legend. You may all know the name "Frank Sinatra" but you may all not know why Frank Sinatra is a cultural icon. After reading the book "SinatraBehind the Legend" by Randy Tarabelli, I learned a lot about this American legend.Francis Albert Sinatra was born on Dec.12th,1915 in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were Italian immigrants and he grew up poor in the streets of Hoboken. Those tough early years made him all the more determined to work hard and make something of his life. He was a very ambitious person. Since he was a little boy he loved to sing. In his teen years he attended a Bing Crosby concert and that is when he decided that he too would become a singer. At the age of 19 the first break of his musical c areer came on when he sang with a band called the Hoboken Four. After ...

Pearl Jam, Everclear, And No Doubt Essay -- essays research papers

Pearl Jam, Everclear, and No DoubtAlmost everyone has a dearie band. People buy CDs and tapes to notonly listen to the music that they like, but to support that band. There aremany, many different types of music, and usually a sealed band will fit into aspecific type of music. I listen mostly to alternative/grunge music. And bycoincidence the three bands Im breathing out to talk about are all from the west coast.I am going to talk a little bit about three of my favorite bands in thatcategory Pearl Jam, Everclear, and No Doubt.Pearl Jam is a band from Seattle. They were one of the first alternativebands to ever become popular from this area. The work singer of Pearl Jam isEddie Vedder, he does the lead vocals and plays t...

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence Essay examples -- Archit

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Italy is home to some 60 percent of the public?s most famous works of art.? Of these, one-half are found in Florence (19).? Florence gained most of this collection during the fifteenth century, when the Florentines decided to move back from mediaeval fashion to the more Romanesque style of art and architecture.? This return to the Classic style is known as the Renaissance, and Florence was its birthplace.? Renaissance artists prospered greatly on account of the financial view as they received from wealthy citizens (such as the Medici family) and the church, which purchased numerous works of art (6).? Further, the Florentines were a people of great civic pride, and found a means of expressing that pride by dint of awe-inspiring monuments and statues of their patron saints (13).? With the will and the means, Florence became the home of many impressive works that have lasted to-date.? In regards to its architecture, Florence was built over many years, being founded as a Roman colony in the first century BC (4).? It is therefore home to many buildings of Romanesque and Gothic style (6).? With the arrival of the Renaissance, buildings were made again in the classic style, which leads to the city?s diversity in architecture.? Similarly, ?many Florentine structures that outwardly exemplify architecture from earlier times also house interiors, common of the renaissance? (6).? Illustrations of such changes can be seen among those buildings whose construction spanned the time when Florentines shifted from Gothic back to the Classical style.Santa Maria Del Fiore One such example is Florenc... ...om/eb/article?eu=6726215.?The Baptistry?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 ? 16.?The Cathedral?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 17.?The Duomo and the Baptistry.? Vivifirenze.? 22 Nov. 2003 18.Weinberger, Martin.? Michelangelo the Sculptor.? Ne w York Columbia University Press, 1967.19.Wright-Martin, Linda.? ?Florence ? Art Capital of Italy?.? Italy for Visitors.? 2 Nov. 2003 Sienna, original? Final Bell Tower.? Terrace by Francesco Talentidrawing of the Bell Tower. Source (8)Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi(http//www.bellaumbria.net/Assisi/san_francesco.htm) Giotto?s Tower at the Duomo (Furman, Spring 2000).Source? (7)

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence Essay examples -- Archit

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and heathen Organization, Italy is home to some 60 percent of the world?s most famous works of art.? Of these, one-half are found in Florence (19).? Florence gained most of this disposition during the fifteenth century, when the Florentines decided to move back from black letter fashion to the more Romanesque style of art and architecture.? This return to the Classic style is known as the renascence, and Florence was its birthplace.? Renaissance artists prospered greatly on account of the financial support they received from wealthy citizens (such as the Medici family) and the church, which purchased numerous works of art (6).? Further, the Florentines were a people of great civil pride, and found a means of expressing that pride through awe-inspiring monuments and statues of their patron saints (13).? With the will and the means, Florence became the home of many impressive w orks that have lasted to-date.? In regards to its architecture, Florence was strengthened over many years, being founded as a Roman colony in the first century BC (4).? It is therefore home to many buildings of Romanesque and Gothic style (6).? With the arrival of the Renaissance, buildings were made again in the classic style, which leads to the city?s diversity in architecture.? Similarly, ?many Florentine structures that outwardly exemplify architecture from earlier times also house interiors, typical of the renaissance? (6).? Illustrations of such changes can be seen among those buildings whose construction spanned the time when Florentines shifted from Gothic back to the Classical style.Santa mare Del Fiore One such example is Florenc... ...om/eb/article?eu=6726215.?The Baptistry?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 ? 16.?The Cathedral?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 17.?The Duomo and the Baptistry.? Vivifirenze.? 22 Nov. 2003 18.Weinberger, Martin.? Michelangelo the Sculpto r.? New York Columbia University Press, 1967.19.Wright-Martin, Linda.? ?Florence ? Art Capital of Italy?.? Italy for Visitors.? 2 Nov. 2003 Sienna, original? Final Bell Tower.? Terrace by Francesco Talentidrawing of the Bell Tower. Source (8)Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi(http//www.bellaumbria.net/Assisi/san_francesco.htm) Giotto?s Tower at the Duomo (Furman, Spring 2000).Source? (7)

Personnel Profile Plan Essay

There are several steps an organization should gull in order to change its personnel profile and there are different ways in performing this change. First and foremost what needs to be done is to project personnel needs. In projecting personnel needs the company or human resource department depending on the size of the organization, would figure of speech a profile of job expectations and qualifications for each position. This will give the company a tool to project vacancies and current staff demographics.The second step would be to develop a plan for achieving the desired personnel profile. In this step there are many different smaller steps and goals to achieve the crowning(prenominal) goal. There are changes that need to be made internally such as changing the organizational structure, changing the job design, using human resources to fasten personnel changes (performance appraisals, career planning, new positions), and using internal options with integrity (meaning that chan ge is needed and not being manipulated).The third step in changing a personnel profile is implementing changes necessary to achieve the plans goals and objectives. In this step the human resources department should have their goals and objectives documented and their activities should be written step forward in full detail.In the final step monitor and evaluate the effects of change one should think this would be a self-explanatory prescript however, in any company or organization when implementing new rules and making significant changes the company as a whole should want the progress monitored and this is wherefore human resources have ways of collecting data and information in order to monitor and evaluate any effects the changes have had if any.

School Counseling

Which is the most difficult part cosmos a give lessons counselor? After I read the ASCA Model on page 9 of textbook, I k refreshed the leadership, advocacy, teaming and collaboration and systemic change ar every(prenominal) what give lessons counselors should focus on. I alike learned that inculcate commission is a profession that focuses on the relations and interactions between students and their groom environment with the purpose of cut back the barriers in order to help students to success. In my opinion, the team-member and collaborator is the most ch every last(predicate)enging for a initiate counselor in an urban check view.Because as an stiff team-member and collaborator, school counselor work with t separatelyers, administrators and other school personnel to make sure that each student succeeds. However, sometimes working with other school setting educators is not very promiscuous. For example, some teachers do not like to follow the advices from counselors, they believe that their ways atomic number 18 perfect. Hence, they do not want to hear the fathom from counselors. I understand everybody has different beliefs, but I also believe that our students will get benefits if we can work together as a team.We voice our opinions and hear everyones advice. Because our goals are same, we all hope each student succeeds. Even though the coloration is challenging and difficult, we still need to do it with our efforts. What the elements for school counseling as a profession? Threatened by who? From the framework for a school counseling program, there are quaternary elements of school counseling of a profession, foundation, delivery system, management system, and accountability. On the page 9 of the textbook, foundation includes beliefs and philosophy, mission statement, ASCA national standards.Delivery system includes school guidance curriculum, individual student planning, antiphonary services and system support. Management system includes agreements, advisory council, use of date, use of time and calendars. The last one, accountability includes results reports, school counselor performance standards and program audit. I think school counseling profession may be threatened by other educators, like teachers, principals and other administrators. Sometimes school counselors cannot get plentiful support for a new idea, some changes cannot get approval by high level administrators or supervisors.From the supporting articles, we have to get more than impelling data to prove our idea is right. Being a counselor, we must do more research in order to get sufficient evidence if we want to persuade teachers or other educators to accept our changes or new ideas. Because counselors are not in the classroom, no direct relationship with students likes teachers. Hence, our advice or new idea is not easy to be accepted by teachers. For dealing with these difficulties, the most effective way is research Using data to speak Compare the handed-down and contemporary manakin?The most recognizable models for school counseling focused on the three Cs of school counseling counseling, consultation, and coordination. These three elements are all what traditional model has. However, as school counseling system was improved and developed in todays world. The contemporary model still includes counseling and coordination as well as leadership, advocacy, collaboration and teaming, and assessment and use of data. From the ASCA matter Model, the skills of leadership, advocacy, and collaboration and teaming are emphasized as very important and essential elements of being a school counselor.And it also needs efforts to improve systemic change. Comparing with the contemporary model of school counseling, the traditional model just has three sanctioned elements. For the contemporary model, more positions and skills were involved for school counselors. School counselors spend more time to develop and maintain relationships wi th students, teachers, parents, administrators, and community resource educators. As the changes from traditional model to contemporary model, leadership becomes an important role in our school counseling. correspond to Philiips, leadership involves influencing others to create a shared commitment to a common purpose. Then, the other new model element advocacy is also effective, advocates in schools work to reduce barriers that lead to achievement gaps between poor and minority students and their more advantaged peers. Our end goals are all making students to be successful. After that, collaboration and teaming part is difficult but necessary. It is an essential process for promoting systemic change. As our last week discussion, we all noticed the power of assessment and use of data.We need to do effective research in order to support our new ideas and changes. Without doubts, data use is also a bright improvement of being one of the new elements for school counseling. After knowing the differences between traditional and contemporary model, we can see that school counseling system is really on the right track to move. More useful skills came out in order to promoting student achievement. For Comprehensive School focusing Progams, Describe, compare, and contrast the Missouri Model and the ASCA Model. Are these models relevant and/or realistic for school counselors in urban schools?After reading the chapter four, it is good to know a new model of school counseling program. The comprehensive guidance program model is also known as the Missouri model in 1917. In this model, it includes self-knowledge and inter face-to-face skills, life roles, settings, and events, and life career planning. It also offers three elements and four components. The elements include the content of the program, the organizational framework, and resources. Four components include guidance curriculum, individual planning, antiphonary services, and system support.We have already familiar with the ASCA model. For the ASCA National model, the framework has four elements. (foundation, delivery system, management system and accountability). It also has four themes. (leadership, advocacy, teaming and collaboration and systemic change) ASCA National Model is conducted in collaboration with key partners, monitors student progress, is driven by data, seeks improvement, and shares successes with stakeholders. For the Missouri Model, it presents a complete framework that can be adapted for each school.Being a school counselor, these developments are indeed good for our students. Especially, the life career development can help students development awareness and espousal of themselves and others, also help students develop and incorporate practices that lead to effective learning, responsible daily living, finally help students understand and use a decision-making process in determining their life goals. As we know, the purpose of both Missouri Model and ASCA National Model i s providing a framework for counselors to promote pedantic achievement, career planning, and personal social development.Theoretically, these models are good in urban schools from above aspects. However, the reality is different. For an example, we all know systemic change and collaboration are not easy to do. Even though these models give us many valuable instructions to help our students, sometimes we still have many difficulties from various realities. the roles of the resource broke and explain the School Change Feedback Process (SCFP)? After reading the article by Colbert and Kulikowich, I learned a new term resource constituent and a new process School Change Feedback Process (SCFP).The role of resource broker is offered to help counselors with data-driven programs. A resource broker is a school professional who functions as an active force to identify, provide access to, and ensure the utilization of resources that enhance student development. (Colbert, R. D. , & Kulikowic h, J. M. (2006)) As a resource broker, it includes teacher strength in program assessments when data show inequities in student access to rigorous academic classes. Hence, the resource broker indeed plays an important role in school counseling.After that, regarding to a role for school counselors in education reform, the research produced the emergence of a new method called the School Change Feedback Process (SCFP). It has four steps in the SCFP process 1. Obtain teacher efficacy beliefs. 2. Share teachers efficacy beliefs with the principal and teachers. 3. Incorporate teachers beliefs into the ongoing education reform or school improvement plan implementation with continuous feedback. 4. Obtain teachers beliefs again, and repeat the cycle.In this process, three basic counselor responsibilities includes identify resources, gain access to resources and ensure the utilization of resources. According to ASCA, School counselors must show that each activity implemented as part of the school counseling program is developed from a careful depth psychology of student needs, achievement and cogitate data. Hence, we should use data to monitor students progress. Being a school counselor, we should use database to disaggregate data related to achievement, attendance, discipline, and so forth to develop action plans.In additional, school counselors also work with principals and teachers. So, using SCFP is a good way to corporate with them. As we all know, acquiring the efficacy from teacher is very important. Hence, resource broker helps counselors with data, then using SCFP to get feedback in a contemporary urban school setting. concept of behavioral momentum, as discussed in Lees article. Explain how this concept, and those of high-p and low-p tasks, might be relevant to school counselors?The term behavioral momentum is described as the dynamics of behavior in changing environments. Nevin indicated that behavior possesses a momentum much more like physical objects. The high-p request intervention is based on the theory of behavioral momentum. A high- probability request sequence is an intervention that practitioners can use to make it more likely that a nonpreferred behavior will occur. For this intervention, many requests with a high probability of compliance is delivered just prior to a request with a low probability of compliance.In this article, it gave us an example to understand, a teacher may ask a student to take out a pencil (high-p request), write his or her name on a piece of paper (high-p request), and write the date at the top of the paper (high-p request), immediately prior to asking the student to begin math seatwork, a low-p activity. The responses generated by the high-p requests carries over and increases compliance to the request that had antecedently resulted in noncompliance. The effects of high-p request sequences have been examined.From this example, we can clearly know what is high-p and what is low-p. In our counselin g program, we can use this method to help our students in academic work. It indeed has many advantages to help students to succeed. Teachers can spend more time on direct instruction, as opposed to managing student behavior. Then, decreasing the work of students who are already behind academically may have a negative effect on skill development. After that, teachers can use these tasks to make transitions more efficient and to increase proficiency at performing those same high-p tasks.

Grandparent raising their grandchildren and the social implication Essay

In American society, grandparent have been involved in the issues of nurture their grandchildren in situation where the parent are non available, un spontaneous or not able to give sufficient safeguard for their children. In other instances grandparent participate in taking care of their grandchildren even if the situation of parent are willing to care for their children. This is due to handed-down cultures giving grandparent clear and direct duty for taking care and nurturing of their grandchildren.Traditionally, relationship between grandchildren and grandparent has been a special one scarcely the current trend and growth of grandparent raising and taking care of grandparent has raise questions. In the past three decades, growth of the grandparent has gone beyond the perceived traditional reference to social problem attracting researcher to study social implication of their graphic symbol (Geen & Rob, 2004). A part from the traditional role of grandparent compassionate for their grandchildren being sentimental, this role in many instances has change to absolute caring and maintaining them.Their relationship has been special but the current trend means grandparent are taking responsibility of raising a insurgent family. In the normal circumstances, children are expected to raised under intact family assume to having presence of both parent living in a favorable conditions. Traditionally, children would visit their grandparent in a situation where they are not living together over the weekends and sent back to their parent afterward the weekend.This trend has changed as the luxury of sending children to their parent of the weekend has changed to taking absolute care since the parent are unavailable, not able or not in position to take care of their children (Geen & Rob, 2004). Grandparents staying with their grandchildren are expected to take responsibility of raising and maintaining them. This result to social implication as the grandparent get to t his role due prevailing circumstance other than something planned. Parenting role requires commitment or devotion as well as employment of financial resources.Roles of taking care of the grandchildren give grandparents massive responsibilities which may translate to emotional straining. The raise in number of families under absolute care of grandparent has append to a questionable train which is beyond the traditional role. Study on the grandparent raising their grandchildren is important since it may evaluate the cause of the current trends, social implication to the grandparent and grandchildren, measures and solution to be taken.This constitution investigates the tread and growth of the grandparent raising their grandchildren, its implication and solution to this problem and the help which can be advanced to this form of parenting (Edwards & Daire 2006). Culturally, nobody plan to raise a second taking all responsibilities which goes with this role. This means that grandparent taking fulltime responsibility of maintaining a grandchild cause to major change in the life of the grandparent (Edwards & Daire 2006).Demands which come with the role of parenting for the second time leads to unplanned struggles resulting to financial, emotional, physical, social and legal challenge not experienced the time when these grandparent were raising their own children. Most of grandparent are always in their gray-haired age, The census of 1997 indicates that 33% of grandparent caregivers are under the age of 50, 48% are between the ages of 50 and 64, and 19% are over the age of 65 (National Resources marrow for Respite and Crisis Care Services 1998 para.2). This means that engaging grandparent in raising of their grandchildren results trying to balance between struggling to manage their old age and caring for their grandchildren. Various studies have indicated that on that point is an increase in the case of grandparent raising their grandchildren. According to Casper and Bryson 2008, United States Bureau of the Census categorizes studies on this subject on louver type grandparent maintained families i. e.both grandparents, some parents present both grandparents, no parents present grandmother besides, some parents present grandmother only, no parents present and grandpa only present (Casper and Bryson 2008 para. 1). This categorization is important as it helps to analyze implication since different states leads to different implications. Statistics from U. S. Census Bureau indicates that in 1970 3. 2 percent or 2. 2 million children in United States lived under care of grandparents.Overtime, the proportion of the grandchildren maintained by grandparent has resulted to a drastic increase. 1997 census on this subject indicated that there was an increase from 3. 2 percent in 1970 to 5. 5 percent or from 2. 2 million to 3. 9 million. This represents a 76 percent increase over period of 27 years. According to these statistical this increase was e xperienced in all in the above mentioned types of the grandparent care.The most notable was 118 percent increase of grandchildren with only mothers under grandparent with grandchildren living with their fathers increased by 217 percent. This change was more notable in 1980s but this further increased in 1990 indicating the greatest increase of children maintained by grandparents. According to Hammond 2002, statistics by American Association of retired Persons on 2000 census indicates that 2. 4 million grandparents are fully in charge of maintaining and completely taking care of their grandchildren. This was a 30 percent of the increase in the in 10 years.

A paper on Stress

In all told what follows Is a glimpse Into the way stress exists In my life, how applying a new management tool helped, and what I think it all means to me. What is stress? A question that must be answered is what is stress? The theme Institute of Mental Health says that stress is the brains response to any demand (NIMH, 2014) which Is a simple statement that has tremendous ramifications. As we are, at nearly all times, under a demand of one sort or another. But Stress is more than that, as it is also a physiological serve well.As discussed in our exercise the process of stress is not event specific, but rather a generalized response by our sickening system to certain chemicals produced when we are activated. That activating can be a Bear charging us, or a paper that is due, or anything that contracts the Sympathetic Nervous system to engage. Because the body only has one clothe of tools for the response the content, or context, or the threat is al nearly irrelevant. Its not relevant because the result, the bodys response, Is the same as your blood pressure Increases, your heart beats faster, and digestions slows down (Reader, up. 2).However since our juvenile stresses are not fleeting, we never out run the bear because the bear is just our boss at work. Our system does not manage itself well anymore. Our nervous system activates and then stays activated, we never reach the rest and digest side of the equation, which is negative to both physical and emotional health over time. The detrimental effects of stress over time Our bodys inability to tell the difference between a life threatening event and a I mangle of response which can be thought of as unresolved survival-related tendencies (Ogden, et al, Trauma and the Body, 2006, P. 6) is where we get into trouble. Our fight or flight response is a finely tuned extremity reaction system, built over a millennia of evolution, which is now poorly adapted for our current living Tyler. As noted in the readin g even the most recent and sophisticated of our arousal system is ill equipped to handle the quotidian levels of stress we live with. Living with this unresolved activation can cause atrophy in a part of the brain called the hippopotamus (Reader, up. 9) which affects memory.Continued exposure to the chemical soup that stress releases can impact our immune system, and make us susceptible to upper respiratory infections (Reader, up. 9) and it can lead to weight gain, heart problems, and a litany of other health issues. As that is the case finding a efficacious tool for mitigating the impact of stress is important. Mindfulness an use model of stress reduction To that end I have been practicing Mindfulness. The process of Mindfulness is one of expanding self-awareness.The process has been defined as an acute awareness of personal jazz that occurs without Judgment (Davis & Hayes, 2011). In short to be mindful is to be open to the full experience of the body in a way that is not recrim inating, to allow the way the body feels to inform one of the status of the body. In my case I applied it, Mindfulness, as a process of material and emotional wariness. To that end I would sit, or walk, and first focus on my breath. This awareness would allow me to become tuned to my somatic state and to center myself.Once I found my balance I could explore the physical responses I was having to a given stresses. Once I had explored those areas that were embodying the stress I could relax the physical elements, and release the tension. This would allow that regained sense of calm and control to extend into the emotional realm. It is interesting to note that I found that a same model was useful in physical pain reduction as well. Stress my ongoing experience As noted stress is a daily presence in my, and most Americans, lives. It is pervasive and persistent and, as our reading has shown, dangerous.My Stress Log, maintained from the 17th of July 2014 to the 1 lath of August 2014, ha s been both interesting and at times irritating. My results offered me an opportunity to note that my experience with stress is more regular and pervasive than I had thought. The log has given me insight into a set of repeat stresses that I live with, which affect me almost daily, which I am working to contend with. My number one stresses is my espouse to people that abuse my time. I am a fairly ordered person and so I enjoy a life that is structured. I am where I say I leave be at the time I say I will be there.When others are late, or interfere with my plans, it activates me. My stress levels skyrocket. Another ongoing encounter with stress comes from traffic, I hate sitting in traffic. There used to be a pattern to traffic in the bay area, a time you could be aware of and use to stay clear of traffic Jams. Now there is no logic to the mess, no time there arent too galore(postnominal) people on the road, and no way to avoid the headache. It does not sit well with me. Finally there is a constant stresses in my life that is both unmanageable and inescapable, my Father.Our relationship has never been great and now its devolved into a place where I am sort of the hired help. Every time my phone ring and I see it daily (at times hourly) stress events I have been applying the process of Mindfulness, and the results have been pretty good. Conclusion After 4 weeks of use and educate myself to think mindfully I can engage the process of mindfulness as needed, with varying degrees of success. My ability to feel my own espouses is steadily improving, and that ability allows me to get in advance of the moment.I am responding, rather than reacting to, things like my Father, or Traffic, or any of a number of other issues on a daily basis. This has enabled me to feel more in control and generally happier as I navigate my day. It has brought me enough relief that I am working to get my wife involved in the process. ahead my log I didnt think I was so engaged with st ress, now I see that it is my constant companion. With that knowledge and given my new understanding of the pestiferous effects of stress on the odd, the opportunity to learn Mindfulness (and other moderation techniques) has been enjoyable and helpful.

Mechanisms of Motor Development Essay

The mechanisms involved in labour fracturement involve some genetic components that determine the physical size of be parts at a given age, as well as aspects of muscle and bone strength. The main areas of the brain involved in motor skills are the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and basal ganglia. The dorsolateral frontal cortex is responsible for strategic processing. The parietal cortex is important in controlling perceptual-motor integration and the basal ganglia and supplementary motor cortex are responsible for motor sequences.Nutrition and exercise also determine strength and therefore the ease and accuracy with which a body part can be moved. Flexibility is also impacted by nutrition and exercise as well. It has also been shown that the frontal lobe develops posterio-anteriorally (from back to front). This is epochal in motor development because the hind portion of the frontal lobe is known to control motor functions.This form of development is known as Portional Develo pment and explains why motor functions develop relatively quickly during normal childhood development, while logic, which is controlled by the middle and front portions of the frontal lobe, usually will not develop until late childhood and early adolescence. Opportunities to carry out movements help establish the abilities to flex (move toward the trunk) and extend body parts, both capacities are necessary for good motor ability.Skilled voluntary movements such as passing objects from hand to hand develop as a result of practice and learning. Mastery Climate is a suggested successful learning environment for children to promote motor skills by their own motivation. This promotes participation and active learning in children, which according to Piagets developmental surmise is extremely important in early childhood rule.

History of Trigonometry

Running Head History of Trigonometry History of Trigonometry Rome Fiedler History of math 501 University of Akron April 29, 2012 History of Trigonometry An adit Trigonometry is useful in our macrocosm. By exploring where these constructs come from provides an understanding in putting this mathematics to use. The term Trigonometry comes from the Greek vocalize trigon, meaning trilateral and the Greek word meatria meaning measure manpowert. However it is not native to Greek in origin. The mathematics comes from multiple people over a span of thousands of years and has touched over every major civilization.It is a combi solid ground of geometry, and astronomy and has many practical applications over tarradiddle. Trigonometry is a branch of math world-class created by 2nd century BC by the Greek mathematician Hipp sheerus. The history of trig and of trigonometric functions sticks to the general lines of the history of math. Early research of tri tips could be free-base in the 2 nd millennium BC, in Egyptian and Babylonian math. Methodical research of trigonometric functions started in Greek math, and it reached India as part of Greek astronomy.In Indian astronomy, the research of trigonometric functions flourished in the Gupta dynasty, particularly as a result of Aryabhata. Throughout the Middle Ages, the research of trig continued in Moslem math, season it was implemented as a discrete subject in the Latin West beginning in the Renaissance with Regiomontanus. The growth of contemporary trig shifted in the western Age of Enlightenment, starting with 17th-century math and reaching its contemporary type with Leonhard Euler (1748) Etymology The word trigonometry originates from the Greek trigonometria, implying tri fee measuring, from trilateral + to measure.The name verit equal to(p) from the study of right triangles by applying the relation ships between the measures of its sides and angles to the study of similar triangles (Gullberg, 1996). The word w as introduced by Barthoolomus ptiticus in the title of his educate Trigonometria sice de solutione triangularumtractus brevis et perspicius in 1595. The contemporary word sin, is originated from the Latin word venous sinus, which implied bay, bosom or fold, translation from Arabic word jayb. The Arabic word is in origin of interpreting of Sanskrit jiva chord.Sanskrit jiva in learned used was a synonym of jya chord, primarily the word for bow-string. Sanskrit jiva was taken into Arabic as jiba (Boyer, 1991). This word was then changed into the corporeal Arabic word jayb, implying bosom, fold, bay, either by the Arabs or erroneously of the European translators such as Robert of Chester, who translated jayb into Latin as sinus. In particular Fibonaccis sinus rectus arcus was significant in creating the word sinus. Early Beginnings The origin of the subject has rich diversity. Trigonometry is not the work of one particular person or place but rather a development over time.The prim itive Egyptians and Babylonians had know of theorems on the ratios of the sides of analogous triangles for many centuries. However pre-Greek societies were deficient of the concept of an angle measure and as a result, the sides of triangles were analyzed rather, a field that would be better known as trilaterometry(Boyer, 1991). The Babylonian astronomers kept comprehensive records on the uprise and setting of stars, the movement of the planets, and the solar and lunar eclipses, all of which needed knowledge with angular distances measured on the celestial sphere.Founded on one explanation of the Plimpton 322 cuneal tablet, some ingest even claimed that the primitive Babylonians had a table of secants. There was, on the opposite hand, much discussion as to whether it is a table of Pythagorean triples, a solution of quadratic equations, or a trigonometric table. The Egyptians, in contrast, applied an antique kind of trigonometry for construction of pyramids and surveying the land in the 2nd millennium BC. The early beginnings of trigonometry ar thought to be the world-class numerical sequences correlating poop durations to time of day.Shadow tables were simple sequences of numbers which applied the keister of a vertical stick, called a gnomon, is long in the morning and shortens to a minimum at noon. Then becomes longer and longer as the afternoon progresses (Kennedy, 1969). The shadow tables would correlate a particular hour to a particular length and were used as early as 1500 BC by the Egyptians. Similar tables were develop by other civilizations such as the Indians and Greeks. Greek mathematics Shadow tables were the primary development in creation of trigonometry however the Greeks really positive Trigonometry into an ordered science.The Greeks continued as the Babylonians astronomers did and studied the relation between angles and electric circuits in lengths of chords to develop their theories on planetary position and motion (Mankiewicz, 2001 ). pic The chord of an angle subtends the arc of the angle. Ancient Greek mathematicians used the chord. Given a luck and an arc on the round, the chord is the line that subtends the arc. A chords perpendicular bisector traverses the center of the circle and bisects the angle. One fractional of the bisected chord is the sine of the bisected angle, that is, pic nd consequently the sine function is also known as the half-chord. As a result of this relationship, some(prenominal) trigonometric identities and theorems that are known at present were also known to Greek mathematicians, however in their equivalent chord form. Though there is no trigonometry in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, there are theorems presented in a geometric method that are similar to particular trigonometric laws or rules. Theorems on the lengths of chords are applications of the law of sines. In addition Archimedes theorem on broken chords is similar to rules for sines of sums and differences of angles. From the primitive landmarks of shadow tables and the Greeks gain and expansion of astronomical knowledge from the Babylonians, there was a gap in the improvement of trigonometry until the time of Hipparchus. Hipparchus The first of all trigonometric table was in fact compiled by Hipparchus of, who is known as an as the experience of trigonometry(Boyer, 1991). Hipparchus was the first to put into a table the corresponding values of arc and chord for a series of angles. He did this by considering every triangle was inscribed in a circle of fixed radius. Each side of the triangle became a chord, a straight line drawn between two points on a circle.To find the parts of the triangle he needed to find the length of the chord as a function of the central angle. pic For Example, in the diagram triangle ACB is? inscribed in circle O. So the sides of the triangle become chord? AC, chord CB and chord AB. Hipparchus would have sought to? find the length of the chord, AC, as a function of th e central? angle. He deduced a trigonometric formula for the? length of a chord sketched from one point on the tour of? a circle to another (Motz, 1993). This could therefore be used to help understand the positioning of the planets on the sphere.Though it is not known when the methodical use of the 360 circle came into math, it is known that the methodical introduction of the 360 circle introduced a little after Aristarchus of Samos comprised of On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, since he measured an angle a part of a quadrant. It seemed that the systematic used of the 360 circle was mainly as a result of Hipparchus and his table of chords. Hipparchus might have taken the idea of that division from Hypsicles who had previously shared out the day into 360 parts, a division of the day that might have been recommended by Babylonian astronomy.In primeval astronomy, the zodiac had been divided into twelve signs or thirty-six decans. A repeat cycle of approximately 360 g eezerhood could have corresponded to the signs and decans of the zodiac by dividing each sign into 30 parts and each decan into 10 parts. It was as a result of the Babylonian sexagesimal numeral system that each degree was divided into 60 minutes and each minute was divided into 60 seconds. Though Hipparchus is attributed as the produce of trigonometry all of his work is lost except one but we gain knowledge of his work through Ptolemy. pic http//www. ies. co. p/math/java/ sender/menela/menela. html Menelaus Menelaus of Alexandria wrote in three books his Sphaerica. In hold back I, he created a rump for spheric triangles analogous to the Euclidean basis for plane triangles. He complete a theorem that is without Euclidean analogue, that two spherical triangles were similar if corresponding angles are equal, however he did not differentiate between congruent and symmetric spherical triangles. Another theorem that he established was that the sum of the angles of a spherical trian gle is more than 180. Book II of Sphaerica applied spherical geometry to astronomy.In addition Book III contained the theorem of Menelaus(Boyer, 1991). He further gave his well-known rule of six quantities(Needham, 1986). This theorem came to paly a major role in spherical trigonometry and astronomy. It was also believed that Melaus mya have developed a second table of chords base on Hipparchus works, however these were lost (Smith, 1958). Ptolemy Afterwards, Claudius Ptolemy developed upon Hipparchus Chords in a Circle in his Almagest, or the numerical Syntaxis. The Almagest was mainly a work on astronomy, and astronomy relied on trigonometry.The 13 books of the Almagest were the most prominent and important trigonometric work of ancient times. This book was a composition of both astronomy and trigonometry and was derived from the work of Hipparchus and Menelaus. Almagest contains a table of lengths of chords in a circle and a detailed set of instructions on how to construct the t able. These instructions contain some of the earliest derivtions of trigonometry. Ptolemy distinguished that Menelaus started by dividing a circle into 360o, and the diameter into long hundred parts. He did this because 3 x 120 = 360, using the previous application of 3 for pi.Then each part is divided into sixty parts, each of these again into sixty parts, and so on. This system of parts was based on the Babylonian sexagesimal or base 60-numeration system, which was the only system available at the time for handling fractions (Maor, 1998). This system was based on 60 so that the number of degrees corresponding to the tour of a circle would be the same as the number of eld in a year, which the Babylonians believed to be 360 days (Ball 1960). From Menlaus Ptolemy developed the concept that the sine is half of a chord.Ptolemy took Menelaus construction _ crd 2_ and said that the complement angle could be written as _ crd (180 o -2_), since 180o was half the circumference of the ci rcle. Since today, cos_ = sin(90 o -_), it can be shown that cos_ = _ crd (180 o -2_), using a similar argument as the one shown above (van Brummelen, 2009). From these two expressions, one of the greatest identities known today was created. That is, (_ crd 2_) 2 + _ crd (180 o -2_) 2 = 1 which is exactly sin2_ + cos2_ = 1 (van Brummelen, 2009). pichttp//nrich. maths. org/6853 pic http//en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Ptolemys_table_of_chords Using his table, Ptolemy believed that one could solve any planar triangle, if given at to the lowest degree one side of the triangle (Maor, 1998). A theorem that was fundamental to Ptolemys calculation of chords was what was still known at present as Ptolemys theorem, that the sum of the products of the opposite sides of a occur quadrilateral was equivalent to the product of the diagonals. Ptolemy used these results to develop his trigonometric tables however whether these tables were originated from Hipparchus work could not be turn out.Neither the tables of Hipparchus nor those of Ptolemy had survived to the present day, though descriptions by other ancient authors exhibits they existed. In his work, Ptolemy engrafted formulas for the chord of? difference and an equivalent for our modern day half-angle? formulas. Because of Ptolemys discoveries, given a chord of? an arc in a circle, the chord of half an arc can be determined as? well. Ptolemy also discovered chords of sum and difference, chords of half an arc, and chords of half degree, from which he then built up his tables to the nighest second of chords of arcs from half degree.In the Almagest, a true distinction was made between plane and spherical trigonometry. Plane trigonometry is the branch of trigonometry which applies its principles to plane triangles globular trigonometry, on the other hand, is the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to spherical triangles, which are triangles on the surface of the sphere. Ptolemy began with spherical trigonometry, for he worked with spherical triangles in many of his theorems and proofs. However, when calculating the chords of arcs, he unintentionally developed a theory for plane trigonometry. Trigonometry was created for use in astronomy and because spherical trigonometry was for this persona the more useful tool, it was the first to be developed. The use of plane trigonometry is foreign to Greek mathematicians (Kline, 1972). Spherical trigonometry was developed out of necessity for the recreate and application of astronomers. In fact, spherical trigonometry was the most prevalent branch of trigonometry until the 1450s, even though Ptolemy did introduce a basis for plane trigonometry in the Almagest in 150 A. D. IndiaThe next major contribution to trigonometry came from India. The trigonometry of Ptolemy was based on the functional relationship between chords of a circle and central angles they subtend. The Siddhantas, a book thought to be written by Hindu scholars in late fo urth century, early fifth century A. D. , changed Ptolemys trigonometry to the study of the relationship between half of a chord of a circle and half of the angle subtended at he center by the whole chord (Kennedy, 1969). This came from the basis for the modern trigonometric function known as the sine.The Siddhantas introduction to the sine function is the chief contribution from India and marks a transformation in trigonometry. Indian mathematicians also contributed by creating their own sine table. Arya-Bhata, born in 476, was a great Indian mathematician and astronomer (Ball, 1960). He comprise a book called Aryabhathiya, which contained most of the essential ideas we associate with sine and cosine. His most outstanding contribution to the topic, which distinguishes him from the other mathematicians of this time, was his work on sine differences (van Brummelen, 2009).His definition of sine was literally half chord and was abbreviated jya or jiva, which simply meant, chord (Smith 615). Sines were given in minutes, at intervals of 225 minutes. This measurement was not of the sines themselves, but instead, it was the measurement of the differences between the sines. His method of calculating them was as follows. The first sine was equal to 225. The second sine was defined as any particular sine being worked with in order to approximate the sine that directly follows (Clark 29).It was found using the following pattern (225 the previous sine) + (225 + the previous sine) 225 this total was then subtracted from 225 to obtain the sine table. bite sine 225 225 = 0 225 / 225 = 1 0 + 1= 1 225 1 = 224 Third sine? 225 224 = 1 (225 + 224) / 225 ? 2 225 2 = 222 (van Brummelen, 2009). Arya-Bhata concluded that dividing a quarter of the circumference of a circle (essentially one quadrant of the unit circle) into as many equal parts, with the resulting triangles and quadrilaterals would have, on the radius, the same amount of sines of equal arcs.Doing this, he was ab le to form a table of natural sines corresponding to the angles in the first quadrant (van Brummelen, 2009). Although much of his work had the right idea, many of Arya-Bhatas calculations were inaccurate. Later, in 1150AD, an Indian mathematician known as Bhaskara gave a more accurate method of constructing a table of sines, which considered sines in every degree (van Brummelen, 2009). Although the Indian mathematicians made attempts at creating a table to help with astronomy, their table of sines was not as accurate as that of the Greeks. Islamic mathematicsThe ancient works were translated and developed in the medieval Islamic world by Muslim mathematicians of mostly Persian and Arab descent, who explained a large number of theorems which freed the subject of trigonometry from reliance upon the complete quadrilateral, as was the case in Greek mathematics as a result of the application of Menelaus theorem. In accordance with E. S. Kennedy, it was following that development in Islam ic math that the first real trigonometry appeared, in the sense that only then did the object of study become the spherical or plane triangle, its sides and angles (Kennedy, 1969).E. S. Kennedy pointed out that whilst it was possible in pre-Islamic math to calculate the magnitudes of a spherical figure, in theory, by use of the table of chords and Menelaus theorem, the application of the theorem to spherical problems was very complex actually (Kennedy, 1969). With the aim of observing holy days on the Islamic calendar in which timings were established by phases of the moon, astronomers at first used Menalaus method to compute the place of the moon and stars, although that method proved to be ungainly and complex.It engaged creation of two intersecting right triangles by applying Menelaus theorem it was possible to solve one of the 6 sides, however only if the other 5 sides were known. To tell the time from the suns elevation, for example, repeated applications of Menelaus theorem we re needed. For medieval Islamic astronomers, there was a clear challenge to find a simpler trigonometric rule (Gingerich, 1986). In the early 9th century, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi c a Persian Mathematician, was an early pioneer in spherical trigonometry and wrote a treatise on the subject creating accurate sine and cosine tables.By the 10th century, in the work of Abu al-Wafa al-Buzjani, another Persian Mathematician established the angle addition formulas, e. g. , sin(a + b), and discovered the sine formula for spherical trigonometry. Abul-Wafa is believed to have helped introduced the concept of the tangent function. He also may have had something to do with the development of secant and cosecant. His trigonometry took on a more systematic form in which he proved theorems for double and half angle formulas. The law of sines, is also attributed to Abul-Wafa, even? hough it was first introduced by Ptolemy. This is in part? due to the fact that Abul-Wafa presented a? straightfo rward formulation of the law of sines for? spherical triangles, which states pic where A, B, and C are surface angles of the spherical? triangle and a, b, and c are the central angles of the? spherical triangle. In 830, Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi created the first table of cotangents. Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani found the reciprocal functions of secant and cosecant, and created the first table of cosecants for each degree from 1 to 90.By 1151 AD, the ideas of the six trigonometric functions existed, they were just not named as we know them today. Europe It is from the Arabic influence that trigonometry reached Europe. Western Europe favored Arabic mathematics over Greek geometry. Arabic arithmetic and algebra were on a more elementary level than Greek geometry had been during the time of the Roman Empire. Romans did not display much fire in Greek trigonometry or any facets of Greek math. Therefore, Arabic math appealed to them since it was easier for them to comprehend .Leonardo Fibonacci was one mathematician who became acquainted with trigonometry during his extensive travels in Arab countries. He then presented the knowledge he gained in Practica geometriae in 1220 AD (Gullberg, 1996). The first distinction of trigonometry as a science separate from astronomy is credited to the Persian, Nasir Eddin. He helped to differentiate plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. Other than that, little development occurred from the time of the 1200s to the 1500s, aside for the developments of the Germans in the late 15th and early 16th century.Germany was becoming a prosperous nation at the time and was engaged in much trade. Their interests also developed in navigation, calendar formation, and astronomy. This interest in astronomy precipitated a general interest and need for trigonometry (Kline, 1972). Included in this movement around the time of 1464, the German astronomer and mathematician, Regiomontanus (also known as Iohannes Molitoris) formulate d a work known as De Triangulis Omnimodis, a compilation of the trigonometry of that time.When it was finally printed in 1533, it became an important medium of spreading the knowledge of trigonometry throughout Europe (Gullberg, 1996). The first book began with fifty propositions on the solutions of triangles using the properties of right triangles. Although the word sine was derived from the Arabs, Regiomontanus read the term in an Arabic manuscript in capital of Austria and was the first to use it in Europe. The second book began with a proof of the law of sines and then included problems involving how to determine sides, angles, and areas of plane triangles.The third book contained theorems found on Greek spherics before the use of trigonometry, and the fourth was based on spherical trigonometry. In the sixteenth century, Nicholas Copernicus was a revolutionary astronomer who could also be deemed as a trigonometer. He studied law, medicine and astronomy. He completed a treatise, known as De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, the year he died in 1543. This work-contained information on trigonometry and it was similar to that of Regiomontanus, although it is not clear if they were connected or not.While this was a great achievement, Copernicus student, Rheticus, an Indian mathematician, who lived during the years 1514-1576, went further and combined the work of both these men and published a two-volume work, Opus palatinum de triangulus. Trigonometry really began to expand and formalize at this point as the functions with respect to arcs of circles were disregarded. Francois Viete who practiced law and spent his empty time devoted to mathematics also . contributed trigonometry around this time. He came to be known as the father of the generalized analytic approach to trigonometry (Boyer, 1991).He thought of trigonometry as? an independent branch of mathematics, and he worked? without direct reference to chords in a circle. He made? tables for all six trigonom etric functions for angles to the? nearest minute. Viete was also one of the first to use the? formula for the law of tangents, which states the following pic Viete was one of the first mathematicians to focus on analytical trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry which focuses on the relations and properties of the trigonometric functions.This form of trigonometry became more prevalent around the time of 1635 with the work of Roberval and Torricelli. They developed the first sketch of half an arch of a sine curve. This important development assisted in the progression of trigonometry from a computational emphasis to a functional approach. This formed the basis of the European contribution of trigonometry. From the influence of oriental scientists, the Europeans focused on the computation of tables and the discovery of functional relations between parts of triangles.Europe developed appropriate symbols, which replaced the communicative rules and ordinary language in which the subje ct was usually presented. Previously, trigonometry was expressed in lengthy passages of confusing words, but the Europeans introduced such symbols as sin, cos, tan, etc. to simplify the subject and make it more concise. Prior to the analytic approach, the main usage of trigonometry was to measure geometric figures, but the transition of its influence from geometry to calculus began with the discovery of infinite series representations for the trigonometric functions.Trigonometric series became useful in the theory of astronomy, around the time of the eighteenth century. Since astronomical phenomena are periodic, it was useful to have trigonometric series because they are periodic functions as well. The use of trigonometric series was introduced to determine the positions of the planets and interpolation, which is a mathematical procedure that estimates the values of a function at positions between given values (Kline, 1972). Many continued to make contributions to Trigonometry looki ng for more accurate tables to determine the six functions.These works continued up until the invention of the Scientific Calculator in 1968. In society today, trigonometry is used in physics to aide in the understanding of space, engineering and chemical science. indoors mathematics it is typically seen in mainly in calculus, but also in linear algebra and statistics. Despite the minimal information available on the history of Trigonometry it is still a vital part of mathematics. The History shows progression from astronomy and geometry and the movement from spherical to plane geometry.Today, Trigonometry is used to understand space, engineering, chemistry as well as mathematics. By exploring the history of trigonometry we see the importance of it in our world. References Boyer, Carl B. (1991), A History of Mathematics (Second ed. ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3 Bressoud, D. M. (2010). historical Refelctions on Teaching Trigonometry. Mathematics Teacher, 104 (2), 106-112. Brummelen , G. V. (2009). The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. Gingerich, Owen (1986), Islamic astronomy. Scientific American 254 (10) 74.Gullberg, Jan. (1996)Mathematics from the Birth Of Numbers. unexampled YorkW. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Joyce, D. E. (n. d. ). History of Trigonometry Outline. Retrieved 3 21, 2012, from History of Trigonometry Outline http//aleph0. clarku. edu/djoyce/ma105/trighist. html Kennedy, E. S. (1969), The History of Trigonometry. 31st Yearbook (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Washington DC) (cf. Haq, Syed Nomanul. The Indian and Persian background. pp. 603, in Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 5270.Kline, Morris. (1972) Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times. New York Oxford University Press. Kluemper, A. (2010, 3 24). History of Trigonometry. Retrieved 3 5, 2012, from www. xtimeline. com http//www. xtimeline. com/timeline/History-of -Trigonometry Mankiewicz, Richard. (2001)The Story of Mathematics. New JersyPrincetion University Press. Maor, E. (1998). Trigonometric Delights. New Jersey Princeton University Press. Miller, S. (2001). brain Transformations of Periodic Functions through Art. Mathematics Teacher , 94 (8), 632-635.Moussa, Ali (2011), Mathematical Methods in Abu al-Wafas Almagest and the Qibla Determinations. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 21 (1) 156. Needham, Joseph (1986), Science and Civilization in China multitude 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei Caves Books, Ltd. Rogers, L. (n. d. ). The History of Trigonometry- Part 1. Retrieved 3 1, 2012, from Enriching Mathematics http//nrich. maths. org/6843/index Suzuki, J. (2009). Mathematics in Historical Context. Washington D. C. The Mathematical Association of America.Smith, D. E. (1958)History of Mathematics. New YorkDover Publications, Inc. Toomer, G. J. (1998), Ptolemys Almagest, Pri nceton University Press. Weber, K. (2005). Students Understanding of Trigonometric Functions. Mathematics Education Research Journal , 17 (3), 91-112. www. cartage. org. (n. d. ). Trigonometry History. Retrieved 3 5, 2012, from Trigonometry History http//www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/sciences/Mathematics/Trigonometry/history/History%20. html van Brummelen, G. (2009)The Mathematics of the Heavens and Earth. Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford.

Martin Luther King Jr. Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Essay

On August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King delivered his speech to only of America. Martin Luthers opening line to his speech was, I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. In Martin Luther King youngers speech I Have a ideate, he engrosss all three of these forms of rhetoric in order to persuade to his audience that racial discrimination and segregation is not the plan for the future of America.As he delivered his speech, Martin Luther King states, Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic follow we stand today, signed the emancipation proclamation. His use of Lincoln brought authority into his speech. Martin Luther King is bringing attention to the authority of Lincoln and his view on civil rights. This is providing a strong ethos woo and establishing credibility with his audience. He also uses the Declaration of Independence to bring authority into his speech. He quote s, unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness. His use of this quote is to use a supreme authority as being on his side. He is saying that the American government has ignored their duty to all of the American people. He is setting up his own credibility by referring to authority of a great American and our constitution.Martin Luther Kings use of pathos is astonishing as he appeals emotionally to both races of people. His use of the bible verse And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together, emotionally draws his audience. He is using the bible as common interest among his crowd and to build a connection between the different races. He appeals to freedom throughout his speech to keep his audience engaged in his fight for freedom. He states, And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still bugger off a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. He uses the American dream to appeal to all Americans.He is saying that his dream is part of the American dream that we all deserve to have the freedom to dream. He also uses the appeal that he is a father and that he wants more for his children. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character. This is allowing the listener to relate to him as a father and the aspirations we hold for our children. It provides a human appeal and demonstrates pathos.Martin Luther King also uses logos in his analogies. He states, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come tail end marked insufficient funds. His analogy is using logic as a form of reasoning. He reasons is that everyone understands money and that the listener is able to relate to being reach a bad check.Martin Luther Kings skillful and articulate use of rhetoric in his I Have a Dream speech was a major turning point in American histor y and represented a firm stand for equal rights. He spoke out to await the issues of racism in our nation. This speech was a remarkable moment in the fight for equal rights of everyone. When all of Gods children, black men and pureness men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing, Free at last Free at last

Heavily Christian Essay

She creates a reputation for herself right at the beginning that you postulate later in the play she has had most of her life. She seems unwilling to let anything spoil her reputation it is quite dumfounding how she manages to keep this up all the way through the production until act 4 scene 5 where Petruchios scheme to tame Kate begins to work. Up until then everyone has seen Kate as a Wicked Witch tho not of the wrinkly kind. Just a Curst froward woman who cannot hold a talk without making some nasty remark.All the way through the play various people posit what they think of her. Hortensio refers to her as a Devil and Tranio Stark Mad Wrench. From this it is clear to see she is not real a well liked person. To make it seem worse her sister, Bianca, is what seems to be the most perfect woman ever. She started off with 3 suitors Gremio, Hortensio and Luchentio Who thought she was fair, virtuous, beautiful and modest. It seems impossible that any woman can be so perfect. Howev er in Elizabethan times it was expected that women were to behave like that.Behaving like a lovable innocent girl is what made Bianca seem so attractive, Idyllic Elizabethan young woman. There ar many references in the play to suggest that Bianca is what every man wants. Gremio refers to her as Sweeter than perfume itself. Which is just other thing to add to her list of perfections. Once suitors had been chosen, in this case it was Luchentio and Bianca, Katherina and Petruchio, they were married soon after. Katherina and Petruchio were married deep down a week of knowing each other.Form what the play is putting across it appears that once women are married they belong to their husbands. They do as they say and agree with everything. As it is said in the conjugation vows Love, Honour, and Obey. This is demonstrated really well by Katherina in the final speech after she has been tamed by Petruchios schemes. If I were the directed of this play for the final speech I would have K ate walking slightly near Bianca and the Widow and looking at them, with them looking uneasy. Kate would also look at Petruchio admirably in the areas on the speech where she is referring to him.There is some irony in Kates speech. For example where she says A married woman can be Froward, Peevish, Sullen and Sour. These are all the things that Kate used to be. To me her speech sounds sincere. It seemed like she is trying to apologise, as well as trying to get her own back on her sister Bianca and everyone who has called her a shrew over the years. Her reputation that we had found out about in the beginning of the play has changed. However I think that some people dont believe that she has changed. In this speech she is proving to everyone that.

Advanced Practice Nurse Essay

The advance Practice Nurse will play a crucial role in advancement of the health caveat system in the United States. There are several factors affecting todays health misgiving system which will influenced the future development of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role. Some of the major factors all(prenominal)ow in the evolving federal and expresss laws, rapidly growing and aging population, increasing rates of chronic diseases in children and adults, and the hail of healthcare. These challenges subscribe development need for well trained healthcare professionals (OJN). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care behave (ACA) that was singed into law March 23, 2010 had the greatest impact in healthcare reform in the United States since the universe of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. This legislation established emphasis on preventive services with focus on primordial care, funds for community health initiatives, and improve quality of care. It also afforded health insura nce to one million millions of Americans who are before long uninsured (OJN).The influx of new patients will stress an already strained healthcare system. According to the American Academy of Family physicians, by 2020, the United States will need 40 percent more primary feather care providers . One way to meet the increasing shortfall of primary care provider is to enhance and drive on the growth of Advanced Practice Registered Nurse. A government accounting office noted that Nurse practitioner are the fastest growing group of primary care providers . (p-241-242). Nurse practitioners could fill the growing shortage of primary care more quickly than physicians. It only takes nurses 6 years of education and training fleck physicians may require 11-12 years.(health policy) The Advanced Practice Nurse role is also defined by the one-on-one states Rules, regulations and statutes.Advanced Practice Registered Nurse practitioners in most states are still rubbish their state laws wh ich prevents them from independently practicing without a collaborative agreement with a physician. Currently only 19 states and the territory of Columbia allow nurse practitioners to practice independently of a physician. (KHN) The American Nurses Association conducted a analyze of 19 studies in May 2010, which confirmed that care delivered by a nurse same is equivalent to care provided by a physician.. In addition, the study showed that NPs consistenly provided more patient care, follow-up, and credit time, b(OOO) Another factor that has impact on the future role of Advanced Practice Nurse is the increase healthcare needs of the aging population and chronic Diseases of children and adults. (Impact). More complex healthcare needs increases The cost of healthcare. The cost of U.S. healthcare is $7,538 per capita spending.This is nearly double than any other organization. (OJN) Nurse practitioner Providing care in primary care is less costly than a physician since since they tend to offer fewer to tests and dear(predicate) diagnostic procedure. According to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, at least 55 million Americans live in areas with an inadequate supply of primary care doctors. Massachusetts has the most primary care doctors per capita Mississippi has the fewest. The nation would need more than 15,000 additional providers to meet the target ratio of one primary care practitioner for every 3,500 residents, according to HRSA, a gap that cannot be filled with physicians. The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a worsening shortage ahead. In the next 10 years, as one-third of all doctors retire, there will be 90,000 fewer doctors than needed to serve the nations aging population.one-half of the shortage will be in primary care. Nationwide, 117,000 physicians practiced family medicine in 2012, according to the Kaiser Family invertebrate foot 134,000 nurse practitioners practiced primary care, according to th e American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Last year, only 1,916 U.S. medical checkup school graduates, or about 12 percent of the total, went into primary care residency programs, according to the noncommercial research group National Resident Matching Program. Nursing school graduates who went into primary care come 11,764 in 2012, about 84 percent of all NP graduates. But will relaxing state NP licensing laws improve patient access to care? A study reported this month in the journal Health Affairs says yes. The authors found that between 1998 and 2010, as more states relaxed licensing laws, the number of patients receiving care from NPs increase by a factor of 15.

Katherine Mansfield Essay

She was innate(p) in 1888 in Wellington, a town labeled the empire city by its white inhabitants, who sculptured themselves on British bearing and relished their citys buttoned-down respectability. 1 At an early age, Mansfield witnessed the disjuncture among the colonial and the native, or Maori, expressions of life, prompting her to criticize the treatment of the Maoris in several diary entries and short-circuit stories.2 Mansfields biographer, Angela Smith, writes It was her childhood experience of living in a society where one elbow room of life was imposed on another, and did not quite fit in that sharpened her modernist impulse to focus on moments of disruption or encounters with strange or disturbing aspects of life. 3 Her feelings of disjuncture were accentuated when she arrived in Britain in 1903 to attend ottomans College. In many respects, Mansfield remained a lifelong out side of meatr, a traveler between two evidently similar yet profoundly different worlds.Afte r briefly returning to New Zealand in 1906, she move back to Europe in 1908, living and writing in England and p subterfuges of continental Europe. Until her premature end from tuberculosis at the age of 34, Mansfield remained in Europe, leading a Bohemian, unconventional way of life. The Domestic attr performanceive Mansfields short story Prelude is set in New Zealand and dramatizes the disjunctures of colonial life by an account of the Burnell familys move from Wellington to a country village.The story takes its title from Wordsworths germinal poem, The Prelude, the first version of which was completed in 1805, which casts the poet as a traveler and chronicles the growth of a poets mind. 4 Although the Burnell family moves a mere six miles from town, the move is not inconsequential it enacts a break with their previous way of life and alerts the family members to the various discontinuities in their lives. Beneath the veneer of the Burnells harmonious domestic life are wraith same undercurrents of aggression and unhappiness.The stalk specter of a mysterious aloe plant and a slaughtered table in their well-manicured mebibyte suggests that the familys awfully nice new home conceals moments of brutality and ignorance toward another way of life that was stamp down and denied. 5 As I will propose, these two incidents echo the esthetical concept of the sublime, as they encapsulate a mysterious power that awes its beh elders and cannot be fully contained within their beauteous home.Through her sharp, dream-like prose, Mansfield deploys traditional aesthetic conventions like the picturesque while simultaneously transfiguring, subverting, and reinventing them in a modernist context. The concept of the picturesque was first defined by its originator, William Gilpin, an 18th century artist and clergyman, as that kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture. 6 Thus, a scene or representation is beautiful when it echoes an already-established, artistic conc eption of beauty, revealing the self-reinforcing way in which art creates the standard of beauty for both art and life.Mansfield presents these picturesque moments in order to demystify them and reveal the prohibition and power they contain. In addition to Prelude, her stories Garden Party and Bliss dramatize the transformation and inversion of picturesque moments of bourgeois life and domestic harmony. While she seems to exhibit a certain attachment to these standard aesthetic forms, Mansfield subtly interrogates many of these conventions in a strikingly modernist way. Through her childhood in a colony, Mansfield in like manner became attuned to the violence and inequalities of colonialism.As Angela Smith suggests, her early writings demonstrate a keen sensitivity towards a crush tarradiddle of brutality and duplicity. 7 In her 1912 short story How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped, she questions and overturns the perspective of the colonialist, whose advantage point historically trum ps that of the native. The deliberate ambivalence of the word kidnapping dramatizes the conflict between the colonists perspective and Pearls joyful, eye-opening experiences during her abduction. In a similar way, empire dramatized for Mansfield the way that a picturesque, bourgeois household could suppress alternative perspectives.The Sublime In Prelude, the mysterious, sublime aloe plant disrupts the pleasant domesticity of the Burnell household. Their well-manicured yard with its lawn tennis lawn, garden, and orchard also contains a wild, unseemly sidethis was the frightening side, and no garden at all. 8 This side contains the aloe plant, which exerts a mysterious, enthralling power over its awed beholders. In its resemblance to the oceanic, the aloe assumes the quotationistics of the sublime the high grassy bank on which the aloe rested rose up like a wave, and the aloe seemed to ride upon it like a shop with the oars lifted.Bright moonlight hung upon the lifted oars like wa ter, and on the green wave glittered the dew. 9 For many writers and poets, the ocean was a manifestation of the sublime because of its unfathomable power and scale that awed and humbled its observers. The aloes strikingly physiological effect on its viewers recalls Edmund Burkes sublime, which overpowers its observer and reinforces the limitations of human reason and control. In his famous treatise on the sublime, Burke writes greatness of dimension, vastness of extent or quantity is a tidy cause of the sublime, as it embodies the violent and overpowering forces of nature.10 In a similar vein, the child, Kezia Burnells first fancy upon seeing the fat swelling plant with its cruel leaves and fleshy stem is one of awe and wonder. 11 In this case, the sublimity of the aloe plant disrupts and challenges the domestic picturesque as it defies mastery, categorization, and traditional notions of beauty. In its resistance to categorization and control, the sublime embodies the character of the ungovernable beautify that the Burnell family cannot domesticate and the picturesque cannot frame.As a result, in Prelude, the magnitude of the sublime interrupts and fractures the fluid surface of the picturesque by exposing the unfathomable depths beneath it. The colonial backdrop of the Burnells yard also contributes to the mysterious, underg labialize power of the aloe. This unruly part of their property hints toward a landscape that eludes domestication and serves as a incessant reminder that the Burnell family is living in a land that is not quite theirs and cannot be fully tamed.12 At the age of 19, Mansfield wrote that the New Zealand bush outside of the cities is all so gigantic and tragicand even in the bright sunlight it is so passionately secret. 13 For Mansfield, the bush embodies the history of a people whose lives have been disrupt and displaced by European settlers. 14 After wars, brutal colonial practices, and European diseases had devastated the local M aori population, the bush became a haunting monument to their presence.As the Burnell family settles down to sleep on the first night in their new home, farther away in the bush there sounded a harsh rapid chatter Ha-ha-ha Ha-ha-ha. 15 In her subtle way, Mansfield unveils the voices of those whose perspectives are excluded from this portrait of nocturnal domestic harmony. In a similar way, the aloe plant exudes an unfathomable history that is beyond the time and place of the Burnells. Even its ageimplied by the fact that it flowers once every one C yearssuggests that the aloe exists on a different scale than its human beholders.16 In its ancient, superhuman scale, the aloe gestures towards the gigantic, indicating a subtle, but implicitly threatening power within, or in proximity of the home. The aloe is a kind of lacuna in the imperial landscape of New Zealand, whose power threatens the colonial household and its control over the landscape. 17 By disrupting and impinge upon the ostensibly safe domestic sphere, the aloe also echoes the unheimlich, or eldritch, an aesthetic concept explored by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay, The Uncanny. The uncanny becomes, in part, an invasive force violating the sacred, domestic sphere and hearkens back to a previously repressed or hidden impulse The uncanny is something which ought to have remained hidden but has come to light. 18 In Prelude, the aloe is initially visualized as a threatening force that might have had claws instead of roots. The curving leaves seemed to be cliquishness something. 19 Positioned within the safe space of their property, the aloe is a menacing, ungovernable force that seems to encroach upon it.The plant becomes part of the repressed history of the landscapea history that is only apparent to Kezia, her mother Linda Burnell, and her grandmother Mrs. Fairfield, who are attuned to the forces under the surface of the picturesque exterior. Violent Underpinnings Beneath many of Mansfields pict uresque domestic scenes are moments of violence and rupture. In Garden Party, for instance, a poor man falls to his death during the preparations for a much-anticipated social concourse of the wealthy Sheridan family, undermining the convivial spirit of the occasion.In Prelude, Pat, the handyman, slaughters a deflect while the children watch with grotesque enchantment as it waddles for a few steps after being decapitated. The crowning wonder of the dead duck walking hearkens back to Burkes sublime, which is experienced in Prelude within the confines of the private residence. 20 The sublimity of this apparent defiance of the properties of death acts as a dramatic external force imposing on the observers intellect and reason in a profoundly Burkian way.But later that night, when the duck is placed in front of the patriarch, Stanley Burnell, it did not look as if it had ever had a head. 21 The ducks picturesque coverits legs tied together with a piece of string and a wreath of litt le balls of stuffing round itconceals its violent death. 22 In a similar way, the awfully nice picturesque house is imposed upon the landscape, as if it had never been any other way. 23 Through reconfiguration and transformation, a new imperial order conceals the fact that an older order once lay beneath it.In both cases, the picturesque functions as a way of naturalizing the violent order of domination. As Pats golden earrings distract Kezia from her grief over the ducks death, the ducks pretty garnish conceals its basted resignation. 24 There is no such thing as a pure aesthetics, Mansfield seems to suggest, as each serene moment is implicated in some act of violence, brutality, or suppression. In Prelude, the good-natured Pat disrupts a pre-existing picturesque scene in which ducks dress their dazzling breasts amidst the pools and bushes of yellow flowers and blackberries.25 Tellingly, the duck pond contains a bridge, a typical feature of the picturesque that reconciles or bridg es the gap between different aspects of the scenery. In this way, the Burnell familys cultivation of the land by set and slaughtering ducks disrupts another underlying order. Their unquestioning appropriation of this pre-existing order mirrors the way colonial life disrupt and undermined the indigenous Maori life. Juxtaposing two picturesque scenes that interrupt and conflict with one another, Mansfield questions and unravels the conventional image of the picturesque.This interplay of various opposed aesthetic orders constitutes part of Mansfields modernist style, in which aesthetic forms are ruptured, fragmented, and overturned. As the yards landscape bears traces of the Maori past, so the quiet harmony of the Burnells domesticity is underscored by deep, unspoken tensions and an animosity that hints at the uncanny. In fact, the only character who expresses any contentment is Stanley, who reflects, By God, he was a perfect fool to feel as adroit as this 26 Yet even he shudders u pon entering his new driveway, as a sort of scare overtook Burnell whenever he approached near home.27 Beneath this veneer of marital bliss and familial harmony, his wife Linda occasionally ignores her children and expresses horror towards her husband and his aggressive sexuality there were times when he was frighteningreally frightening. When she screamed at the hint of her voice, You are killing me. 28 Meanwhile Stanley and Beryl, Lindas sister, seem to have a flirtatious, indecent relationship exactly last night when he was reading the paper her false self had stood beside him and leaned against his shoulder on purpose.Hadnt she put her hand over his so that he should see how white her hand was beside his brown one. 29 Dramatizing these dynamics, Mansfield suggests that a happy household outside of town is not as dirt cheap as Stanley boasts it comes at the cost of servitude, sexual aggression, and a ravaged Maori landscape. 30 Through these layers, which Mansfield subtly str ips off one at a time, she artfully exposes the way that an existing political and aesthetic order is not what it seems to be or how it has invariably been.Her short stories are fraught with their own tensions while exposing the picturesque as false and absurd, she nevertheless draws on its conventional associations. Similarly, her subtle attempts to question colonial power are embedded in a patently idealized portrait of colonial life. Mansfield creates a seemingly beautiful or normal image, such as the happy family in Prelude, Bliss, or Garden Party, and then slowly challenges it through a subtle counter-narrative.In this way, her deployment of modernist techniques is less pronounced than that of James Joyce and her other modernist contemporaries. Just as she challenges aesthetic conventions, Mansfield unravels the readers ideas closely her own stories by presenting a seemingly beautiful, transparent narrative that is haunted by tensions, lacunae, and opacity. Like the decapit ated walking duck, these fictions of transparency and harmony quickly collapse upon closer inspection.

Contrasting Differences in Family Life in USA and Mexico Essay

The family is the grassroots unit of any secernateicular society or community. It is in that respectfore imperative that for the society to exist the family has to be in that respect to produce members into the community. The community or national character any particular coun pass judgment is basically determined by the nature of the family values. An individual is shaped in the early ages by the family. In the modern-day society there atomic number 18 increased diversity changes in the family a characteristic of the many a(prenominal) changes in culture, political, economic, amicable, and psychological and even the environment.The content definition of has not been agreed upon be pose of the great changes that atomic number 18 so accommodating. In the previous many years the family was considered as the people who ar related by blood. This definition ground on the kinship ties has been revoked collect to the influence of many forms of families which has stripped off th e family its actual definition. For instance there can husband and wife who do not shit any kinship ties and they go onward to adopt children. Another case that has changed such a definition of the family based on kinship ties is the increase number of intermarriage within the context of race or ethnicity.This brings out a mixture of issuance and therefore it is difficult to trace the family bonds based on kinship ties. The issue of who is next to kin is no longer important in the current families. The to the full(prenominal)est degree joint look in the current families is the bond based on mutual understanding. The many changes of husband and wife have been changed by the introduction of lesbianism and gay. These evaluate to go against the g rainwater of opposite gender grapheme of marriage. The concept of marriage has changed from opposite gender type of marriage to a mixture of gay, lesbianism and opposite gender marriages.These atomic number 18 some of the dynamisms t hat are facing the contemporary families. This paper shall give an indebt analysis of the family, the changes in roles and functions of the families and the general meats of such changes to the contemporary families. A cozy reference and exercises shall be drawn from the US and Mexico, the countries that border each other geographically. The contrasting differences I n family issues shall be pointed out clearly. Family life in the joined StatesThe family relationship in the fall in States has underg angiotensin converting enzyme several transformations due to the effect of globalization. Race and ethnicity are the most significant factors in shaping the variety of values, attitudes and behaviour amongst the families in the unify States. There are a number of changes in families in the joined States. These changes range from political, social, economic, and psychological to spiritual. The social dislocations have presumptuousness rise to new ideas and values especially there is increased laissez faire among the members of the community.In the US there increased diversity in the organizational structures. There are many cases of come apart and separation in the United Stated which has grabbed the family the unity and love that is supposed to be enjoyed. intimately the single families that are common in the US are as a result of divorce and remarriage due to greater democratization. (Hines & Morrison, 2005) Cultural diversity in the US is accounting for the many different types of families that have emerged in the recent past. The United States constitutes almost all races and ethnic groups in the world.For this reason there are diverse cultural values as a resulting of this contact. The factor that there are free intermarriages betwixt these diverse races and ethnic groups has do the US to have diverse cultural values which transcend the autochthonous culture. The immigrants who question to the United State try to maintain their native language desp ite the fact that they are forced to learn the official language of the United States, which is English. The immigrants from Spanish speaking countries (Hispanic) when they move to the United States they try to maintain their languages.The culture of the people is usually transmitted by dint of language and due to the numerous languages in the United States there exists different cultures. This means that there are rattling many family clusters formed through with(predicate) the sharing of the languages. For instance most of the Hispanic immigrants have formed family clusters in the sides of Florida. The black American speaks a variety of English as they identify themselves as belonging or originating from one family. These disparities have touched the notion of the family because these people are allowed to mix freely with people from different cultures.The concept of the family in the United States is changing even the more during the advent of the green card where people from different pasts acquire citizenship. many another(prenominal) people from different races and ethnic groups have found their way to the US and as such most of them are allowed to move with their families. The nuclear family still remains an ideal source of the society in the United States. The United States families are characterized by the great social social stratification. In the United the families are organized check to different classes.Among these classes there are great disparities in terms of economic value. The choice of families has not interpreted shift from mutual understanding to materials and resources. This has affected relationships from a sociological point of view. This issue of the class is a dominant phenomenon among the families in the United States as those who are rich wants to maintain the status quo. This is done through the inheritance that is passed within the nuclear families. The nuclear families in the United States are created and broken up and and then reconstituted.This has led to the decline of family values which consequently affects the family patterns. This diversity in family pattern has been identified as the cause of problems such as violence, crime and drug use in the united state. The parents are usually very busy with their duties (United States, Congress, 1992). The increasing cases of divorce and separation in the United States have a negative effect on maintaining the ideal norms of the nuclear family value. The families that are exposed to values outside the parental domain are likely to deviate from norms.The forgiving rights in the United States are considered fundamental. There is protection of the universal human right which is a recipe to the process of democratization. This the reason why the US government invest enormous amount of money in education health and other basic sectors so as to put up the promotion of the human rights among the citizens. The Family Life in Mexico Most people have preferred to live in Mexico for a variety of reasons such as social, political, economic and even earnest climatic reasons. Living in Mexico requires one to learn the Spanish language so as to increase effective communication.This is because the families are socialized in the Spanish language. The Mexican people are extremely warm and friendly as they are organized in smaller communities that come from the mutually intelligible families. This means that the socialization process is high since there tow much contact between the families. The family bonds are tightly held together and for this reason there is cultural uniformity. The society per se is integrated under common cultural values through the common language shared. Piped water is relatively inexpensive, but not always potable (drinkable).Decades of under-investment, combined with an attitude of cheekiness towards paying water bills, has left Mexicos mains water system in poor condition. As a result, most people purchase bottled w ater, often in 20L containers. Bottled water is very expensive. Rents in Mexico can be higher than in equivalent-sized US towns or cities if the place is popular or fashionable, oddly places within smooth reach of the US border. Mexico has a centralized economy that is, most of the countrys economic exertion revolves around.The Mexican pace of life is relatively slower than in the US Especially when the life in major cities is given consideration. The families in Mexico are closely tied as most of the families have clip to attend to their families. There is a high degree of parental responsibility among the families. This transcends to greater heights of good values that the society enjoys. Mexicos culture has a rich recital in a amalgamated family religion, people and tradition. The Mexican people are proud of their culture that they keep on passing from one generation to another.This is because there is little infusion of the foreign cultures. The family is the basic unit in Mexico and a al-Qaida to the maintenance of the culture. The rate of socialization and interaction among these people is too high. It is a usual phenomenon to meet devil or more families meeting for a common interest or for a special event. This part of the family function in Mexico, people in Mexico have free time to visit resort centers for the project of relaxation which is not a common phenomenon in the United States, where people are too busy.(Heymann, 2006) The Mexican People are too religious which is a big contrast with the United States where people line up that they are in control of their own life. A large number of people are Christian and they are usually committed to going to church. When you walk in the Mexican homes it is easy for you to see the religious images. In America people stay a non-religious life thus an effect of religious intermingling that has made it difficult for the people to which religious practice to adopt.Thus they resign from subscribing to any of the religious practice. The social stratification is not prevalent in the Mexican family as it is in the United States people are seeking for money the Mexican people strive for titles. The professionals in Mexico prefer to be addressed with the titles that they deserve. This is as a result of the traditional emphasis given to the tittles within the family domain. The economic living standards in Mexico are sparingly lower than in the United State. There are many poor people in Mexico than in the United States.The impact of these high levels of poverty in Mexico has necessitated the immigration of most Mexican families to the United States in calculate of better jobs and pay of most illegal immigrants from Mexico have gotten their way into the United States through the Mexican borders. These immigrants have settled in cities such as Florida. operative in the United States gives them better pay. This aspect of brain drain is lowering the general development of the families in Mexico as most of the people move leaving behind other family members Basically the cost of living in Mexico is lower than that of the US particularly for agricultural produce.Other sectors such as transport and communication are also lower in Mexico than I n the United States. Other utilities as electricity are more expensive compared to the United State. Working families in the United States, observing how parents struggled to find a balance between caring for children and earning a decent income. When parents split and one of the parents went from Mexico to the United States and was no longer available to give the necessary care, families suffer. What significantly exacerbates the problem is when the borders are so tight that they prevent families from reuniting.This has been a common phenomenon when the immigrants are not given the opportunity by the America to even visit their families in back home in Mexico. (Poole M. et al, 1993) globalization of the economy created incre ased pressure for studyers to accept lower labor standards, accept lower wages, longer hours, fewer benefits, and less salaried leave. Both Nations likewise feel pressure from economic globalization not to practice family-friendly policies, such as salaried leave for illness or when a child is sick, or paid parental leave.And that leaves working families struggling to balance work and their care-giving duties. The globalization process has affected families in some(prenominal) Mexico and United States economy was transforming the relationship between work and care-giving in similar ways everywhere. Globalization has forcing both(prenominal) countries to at a very high pace as far as labor standards and social policies are concerned hence leaving working parents with less and less time to raise their children. Parents work has shifted markedly around the world and that goes for every region.The child genteelness process has been left in the transfer of maids who offer support ive care while the parents are away working till late hours of the day. work force in particular have been moving away from one place to another in search of better jobs especially in confused industries. Globalization has made men and women to work day and night and this has made them move away from their homes to go work in different places. A good example is that of outsourcing where people work in shifts where some work during the day and others at night.Women, likewise, have moved into the paid labor force and away from the home. From the period between 1960 and 2000 the number of women in the labor force went from 26 to 38 percent in America. The percentage of women in the workplace has increased both in the United States and Mexico. This has adversely affected the family care services that were provided by the women while their men were working in various sectors. This is a result of civilization which been brought about by the factors such as education, religion, work, ur banization among others.These factors have changed the various roles that were supposed to be executed by the family so as to prepare an individual to be a responsible member of the society. (Cecil, 1992) What has happened is that the world has seen women get better job opportunities which has assisted then them raise income to leave for their families. The increased number of single parent families has made it possible for the women to struggle to get money for rearing their families. While this is was going on there is also massive urbanization occurring all across the world.Thats not necessarily a bad thing, as people who move from very poor uncouth areas to urban areas often get better jobs, and become less dependent on, for instance, a good rain to feed their families. (Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff, 2006).ReferencesHines D. A. , Morrison K. (2005) Family Violence in the United States Defining, Understanding, and Combating. Sage Publisher. Heymann J. (2006) Forgotten Famil ies Ending the Growing Crisis Confronting Children and Working Parents in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press Poole M. et al (1993) Family Changing Families, Changing Times. Allen & Unwin publisher. Robinson, Cecil. (1992). No short journeys The interplay of cultures in the history and Literature of the borderlands. Tucson University of Arizona Press. Rowntree L. , Lewis M. , Price M. and Wyckoff W. (2006). Diversity amid Globalization World Regions, Environment, Development. United States, Congress. House Americas (1992) Families Conditions, Trends, Hopes, and Fears Family policy. United States, Congress, House publisher.