The Construction of New York City's Subway System Essay

The Construction of new-fangled York urban centers Subway System - Essay ExampleThe New York urban center metro system disperses in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and Bronx (Ruhl Web). Most significantly is the fact that the New York City subway system is not all-underground as only a few tracks serve underground with the rest manifesting some levels of elevation (Range 19). The Times Square stands out as the busiest station of the New York City Subway. The City of New York owns the New York City Subway system with further leasing to the New York City Transit Authority for management. Many lines in the subway offer both express and local service where fare payment is usually through the Metro card. However, children and the disabled enjoy free rides and reduced fare respectively. As stated herein, the subway system proves to be cost-efficient in US where the Citizens Budget Commission reported in 2011 affirmed its effectiveness where it records the lowest cost per passenger. This paper will address the expression of the New York City subway system in details. It will equally consider the significant inventions and renovations that have taken place since its first inception. The construction of the New York City subway system entailed a lot of engineering work, masonry, electrical, human and machine labor. As such, apart from requiring well-trained engineers, the construction equally consumed huge capital investment. Indeed, since it was ane of its kinds in New York a lot of lobbying, prior planning, legislation, and objective design was necessary in serving the intended purpose of effective transportation. As such, confused subsections under the mandate of variant subcontractors undertook the construction of the New York City subway system. The construction process involved excavations, support of quetchway tracks, and dig work. It also include masonry work, plastering, construction, reconstruction of sub-surface structures, restoration of street surfac e, erection of steel, and painting of tunnel walls (Deyo Web). Consequently, the construction of the NYC subway system adopted five types of construction (The Interborough Transit Company 35-40). This include the construction of the typical subway close to the surface with steel bulb-angle columns supporting the tacks and like a shot roof and I beams for supporting the roof. Then there was the construction of the flat roof typical subway where steel bulb-angle columns support the concrete construction. Additionally, there was the construction of the elevated road on steel viaduct and the concrete lined tunnel that involved concrete lined open cutwork and rock tunnel work. Lastly, the construction of the NYC subway system also encompassed the cast-iron tubes. These modes of construction took place in variant sub sections (New York City subway Web). For a fact, the construction of the NYC subway system took many years to come to fulfillment. Notably, the talks on building an undergr ound rail system in New York started as early as 1863. However, the main stakeholders shelved this thought for some time, as it was until later in 1868 that Alfred E. Beach had to rely on the New York City Central Underground Company charter to build a test section of tunnel 350 feet long under Broadway. Subsequently, the Commodore Vanderbilt mandated the New York City Rapid Transit Company to initiate the sub-surface railroad construction in 1872. However, this plan had to wait for the passing of the referendum in 1894 to generate financial

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Efficient foodstuff Hypothesis - Essay ExampleIn this way, only in take a hopation bears the power to move commercialise prices.There happens to be three levels of market efficiency as delineated by Fama (1970) viz. weak, semi-strong and strong. harmonize to Fama (1970), weak form of market efficiency that market prices ar affected by a acquits past performance and previous returns. The semi strong form of market efficiency suggests that market prices reflect all the available information. This degree of market efficiency exists when there are no under or oer valued securities in the market and when new information affects market prices very rapidly. The strong form of market efficiency elaborates that all types of information, whether public or private, affects market price of securities. Despite the importance of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, its validity is highly debatable in the literature which is discussed in this essay.According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, stock prices move in negative and positive directions while responding to information and announcement of events. However, there has been staunch concern owing to market anomalies that indicate deviations from Efficient Market Hypothesis such as Holiday effect e.g. Ariel (1990), Monday effect e.g. French (1980), November effect e.g. Bhabra, Dhillon and Ramirez (1999), January effect e.g. Bhardwaj and Brooks (1992) and P/E ratio effect e.g. Basu (1977). Critics are also of the view that movements in stock prices also reflect psychological factors and irrationality on the part of investors e.g. La Porta, Lakonishok, Shliefer, and Vishny (1997), Shleifer and Summers (1990) etc.. There has also been significant prove that economic conditions great affect stock returns e.g. Schwert (1989). The following paragraphs examine the Efficient

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Macroeconomics - Essay Examples New Zealands low roam of unemployment related to its slow economic growth, or is the low rate of unemployment related to its high rate of inflation? Is tight monetary policy impart to the slow economic growth of the country? Is the high inflation contributing to low economic growth? These and many other questions remain unanswered.This paper aims at providing answers to the above questions. The paper intends to do this by gathering relevant instruction on unemployment, economic growth, inflation and monetary policy in New Zealand and evaluate it in relation to relevant theories so as to gain a reasonable basis for explaining seeming controversies identified above. The rest of the paper is organised as follows partitioning 2 provides information on economic growth, inflation, unemployment, monetary and pecuniary policies in New Zealand Section 3 provides a discussion of the facts outlined in section 2 in relation to relevant economic theories and s ection 4 provides some conclusions and recommendations. gibe to Evans et al. (1996) New Zealand launched into a sequence of economic reforms following a constitutional and foreign exchange crisis in 1984. These reforms have been describe by David Henderson (1995) cited by Evans et al. (1996) as one of the most notable episodes of liberalisation that history has to offer. The economic reforms included macroeconomic stabilisation and structural change.According to the OECD (2007) New Zealand began economic reforms 2 decades ago, which have laid the foundations for entrepreneurship and innovation in the country. The country maintains a well functioning product market, as well as a flexible labour market. In addition, the economy has been very open. (OECD, 2007). New Zealand also maintains world-class Public research organisations in many areas, especially in education and health. (OECD, 2007).Despite these positive aspects of the economy, the country has failed to maintain record level s of economic

Native American mascot controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Native American mascot controversy - Essay ExampleA Mascot is an object, animal or person that represents an organization for example the Fuwa of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the Otto of Syracuse University. It is a symbol of the organization and is emblematicof the organizations safe(p) wishes. At the commencement of the twentieth century universities and professional teams began to use images and words from the Native Americans as their mascot to represent their organizations. However, in the 1940s, the National Congress of American Indians launched a campaign aimed at eliminating the stereotypes towards Native Americans in the media especially in sports (Hylton, 2010).According to Goddard, the word Redskin was used as an identifier by the respective communities in the archean history. That is how the Native Americans differentiated the two racess. The word redskin was first used in 1769 while Piankashawsand and Col. John Wilkins were negotiating. Native Americans often use d the word in the 1800s whenever they negotiated with the French and later the Americans (Goddard, 2005). Washingtons DC Redskins were initially known as the Boston Braves in 1932 when the team was formed.It was the norm at this time to experience the same work for the teams whenever the football and the baseball shared the same stadium. The name was changed when they moved to Boston Red Sox home. The name was changed to Boston Redskins prior to moving gumption to Washington in 1933. Native Americans names and imagery used by this team started before 1933. In 1937, the team officially changed their name to the Washington Redskin when they moved to Washington, Dc (Nauright & Parrish, 2012).Since the Native America mascot is disrespectful and insulting to Native Americans, some schools and teams changed their mascots or names. Stanford University changed from The Stanford Indian to Stanford Cardinal. Syracuse University

Videogame magazine Essay Example for Free

Videogame clipping EssayMagazines and newspapers have both of the most attained markets for articles and short storywriters keen to see there work in print. Magazines have a significant influence on individuals and the culture in which they live. Magazines atomic number 18 a very wide and fragmented media. They cater for a fate or niche listening. There can be hybrid magazines which contain a mixture of genres. Magazines nowadays have colour covers, are generally flashy and are published either weekly, fortnightly, monthly are quarterly.The word magazine was first used to describe something miscellaneous meaning a collection of variant kinds of articles. Many early magazines were barely distinguishable from newspapers. Nowadays Computer technology has made redundant the old methods of magazine publishing. Both womens and mens magazines obviously define their audience in commoveual activity terms and today there are many magazines is which are suited and tar pull ined f or them. There are many types of magazines for all age groups curiously teenagers as the magazine editor knows that teenagers have more disposable income than any other age group.Magazines to a fault appeal to social economic groups. A new magazine tends to try and stand out and impart target a rare different audience that has not been targeted usually. Magazines have to compete with each other in outrank to attract their target audiences. There are over 7000 magazines on the market in Britain. Gender is a key issue when discussing representation. reiterate representations can often lead to stereotypes which can then lead to ideology. Stereotypes are narrow representations that are repeated over again.Representations can change over time. straight off feminists are creating alternative representations of woman which are challenging the dominant ideology of women. Media depicts never present the real world. Many objects are represented by the media as being particularly mascul ine or feminine- especially in advertising. The type of magazine affects the representation of gender presented in the magazine. The stereotypical view of gender in magazines is that women are still under-represented in parliament, business and politics.There is still inequality in pay and status of women. Women are still represented according to cultural stereotypes. Men are often represented in situations of authority and control over women. An example of this is of film and television voiceovers that tend to mostly be manly voiceovers rather then female telling a story or being the narrator, also magazine editors tend to be male rather than female. unconditional representations of Men are that they are often seen as athletic or math and science oriented such as being a scientist whereas women near consume.The negative representation of men and teenage boys is that they are aggressive, tend to be insensitive, verbally loud and messy at times and only interested in sports and v ideogames. The positive representation of women and teenage girls is that they are angelic, punctual, quiet, neat, clean, and supportive. A good example of this is that Men commit more crimes than women. The negative representation of women and teenage girls is that they are submissive, aroused and clumsy and have to be attracted to fashion and gossip.. Women are represented negatively as sexual objects and are fragmented because of their looks and physique. However due to the environmental factors of gender you will see a few girls that have an interest in videogames and sport, and a minority of boys that have an interest in fashion and gossip this will depend on the way that the person was raised. Media Institutions use many types of ways to promote and advertise their products. Advertising is essential to magazines although most magazines aim to make a profit from both advertising and the cover price.Every magazine will have a mass of advertisements which could consist of one-t hird of the magazine. Advertisements make up the majority of revenue that the magazine gets. Magazines are dependent upon advertising in order to survive. Advertising is not just about selling a product it also promotes images and life styles. It also shows us a world (which is regarded as perfect) where the products are needed wanted and used. Because the images we see in magazines are so desirable it is favourable to forget that the world presented to us is not real.Adverts sell a grade image as well as a product. A brand image offers o form of guarantee and a set of ready made values with the product that you buy. Most modern advertising deals with enhancing the image of a brand rather than promoting the benefits of the brand. Advertising also informs and draws attention to the availability of certain services. Cosmetic adverts in fashion magazines play along on womans fears and anxieties. Women are the major consumers in society therefore you see many adverts with them.When ta rgeting women in advertising they use sexuality and stereotypes. Advertisements create both implicit and explicit messages of meaning. An implicit message is a message that is not directly expressed to the audience. An explicit message is a message which is directly expressed to the audience. Magazines aim to sell to as many mountain as possible and they will usually target a group large enough to make a profit, but specific enough to be distinctive. Magazines for young men do include stereotypical images of both men and women.They depict a fearless, competitive masculinity, ignoring the emotional, sensitive male, and women are depicted as sex objects for mens enjoyment. People can look at the front cover of a magazine and immediately know what genre it is. Front covers of magazines need to be likable to its intended target audience and are essential in promoting the magazine. In order to do this there needs to be image that will get noticed. That image needs to be relevant to what s inside the magazine and it has to be conventionally attractive meaning picture perfect.For example if the magazine was an fashion magazine there will normally be an dominant image on the front cover of an celebrity or an actor that is well respected, good-looking and an idealistic role-model for the target audience of the magazine. The same will occur in a videogame magazine where there will be a dominant image of a famous footballer promoting a football game or a male-oriented figure that is conventionally attractive and is seen as a role model or that the magazines intended target audience can aspire to.Womens magazines were run by men for the consumption of women in the early days. Today the majority of magazine editors and writers are now women. Local magazines targeted to a community tend to have more stories about womens achievements and experiences than any other magazines. Contemporary magazines targeted to women have moved on from its diachronic backgrounds. Nowadays wo mens magazines offer visions of feminism that involves independence and confidence towards women. However in a majority of magazines women are encouraged to look good in order to attract men and male audiencesI am going to analyse cardinal magazines to help me discover what the stereotypical view of gender is in two different types of magazines. The two magazines that I have chosen are Marie Claire (a fashion magazine, which targets females aged 16 and over) and Playstation 2 UK (a videogame magazine, which is targeted to males aged 16 and over). On the title rogue of the Marie Claire magazine there is a 1 iconic dominant image of a conventionally attractive women actress Scarlett Johansson. This image will attract women as Scarlett Johansson is well-respected and is seen as a role-model for women.This image can be a symbol of independence as Scarlett is not put on the front cover to be objectified. She is togged up respectively and she is not half-naked for sexual fragmentation. The image may attract men readers for her beauty and sexuality. There is a grey background with little gradient fundament the dominant image of the actress. This makes the image of Scarlett Johansson stand out and get noticed by readers. The title of the magazine Marie Claire is printed in bright orange small shell letters.So that it can be seen from the grey background and it is in a light female-oriented colour. The front cover consists of 2 colour texts white and orange. Again bright lit colours used to catch readers eye and also suggests female content. Whereas on the title page of the Playstation 2 UK magazine there are two dominant images of two famous footballers the two footballers (Wayne Rooney and Ronaldinho) are promoting the videogame FIFA 2006 and appear to be in god-like light colour suggesting the game is holy and has a special prophecy.

Breaking Into Advertising and Staying Essay Example for Free

Breaking Into Advertising and Staying EssayIn the life of an individual, it is seen that building a great and stable c areer in a business organization of work that he/she individualisedly likes and loves to do is one of the fore about undertakings that is considered to be a difficult task. Thus, this requires a bountiful amount of effort and courage for a person to achieve a stable career and to be situated in a position that he or she prefers to be in.Advertising Industry, on the other hand, as involvemented to the discussions about career, is considered to be one of the most stimulating and exciting line of businesses in which there are numerous make sense of aspirants who are hoping to penetrate the scene and be a part of it. Also, the publicize business is regarded as included in the most competitive and strongest industry that could suss out a bright future ahead for anyone who could make it to the top of the industry competition.However, as far as the aspect of emp loyment is concern, grounding a career in advertising industry is seen to be one of the most difficult and tricky task to do. Thus, this is where the book entitled Pick Me Breaking into Advertising and Staying There is chiefly intended for, which is to serve as a guide and as an essential reading in helping throng to gain a job and stand under the pressure of the industry that is once regarded to be included in the list of the most competitive ones.The book is primarily write to provide a reading material to be able to guide the people, more especially those who aspire to establish a career in the advertising industry, to land in a job and handle the pressure which serves as the characteristic of the verbalise business. The book is authored by two of the most reliable individuals in the field of advertising who apply worked as creative directors and are closely creative partners namely Nancy Vonk and Janet Kestin. The primary objective of the two is to render people definite information as to how could they acquire a position in a business world such as advertising.As such, from the majority of the book, the information is essentially rendered to answer the questions of people or students with regard to having a stable job and establishing a career in the said industry. In addition to this, the book is also co-authored by a group of fourteen individuals, who are regarded as famous persons in the advertising industry, who get under ones skin also provided and shared their own insights as hygienic as personal experiences that have been instrumental for them to enter the careers they are in today and excel in it.Nonetheless, through the background and capabilities of the people behind the ideas, it is seen that the book is effective in achieving and functioning to what it principally intend. The book is seen to be precise with its aims and ends. Being aware that the establishment of career in the advertising industry is a tricky task, the writers have stated and rendered their information in the most positive way that the readers could have a grasp of the messages they intended for.Thus, the approach of the writers in rendering their thoughts is seen to be compendious wherein the book incorporates the list of the typical questions and concerns by the person with regard to the topic and renders the appropriate answers accordingly. Likewise, a clear statement of the issue and topic which tells about the link between employment and the difficulties of establishing a career in advertising industry has been key factor that coats the way to definite results as soundly as conclusions for the book. gibe to the writers, it is important for a person, more especially for those who aspires for a job in the said industry, to know exactly and render accordingly his or her goals as well as the things that he or she wants to achieve to be able to employ a clear pathway and focus in the progress of his or her career. Also, the writers have cl early stated the point that a formal educational background is significant, although not the sole essentials, in establishing a career and making it to the top of stainless advertising industry.Thus, talent, skills, passion and dedication are regarded as factors that are required to be able to establish a long-time career and succeed in the said industry. In addition to this, the thoughts of fear and self-antipathy should be conquered in order to establish a career, stay and succeed in the advertising business. Likewise, the fresh and new ideas are seen to be a vital ingredient of success in the advertising industry which could place a person in a stable and muscular ground for his or her career in the industry.This could also improve and determine the reliability of ones capabilities in the industry to come up with a brilliant notion that could help the clients and publicize a product more towards greater results. From a personal point of view, it can be said that the points and statements written above, as per the writers standpoint, are all essential and significant in a way that it renders clear notions for the people that have the dreams of making it in the advertising industry.Thus, most of the points that have been depicted in the book are all supported and explained through the incorporation and a mixture of personal experiences industry as well as logical reasoning that is connected to the entire context of society. Likewise, knowing the fact where the writers are coming from employs more wisdom in the points that have been stated in the pages. Moreover, the idea of stating a clear focus and goal is indeed essential in establishing a career.This renders a definite way and serves as a focal point as to where the progress of career is heading. The presence of formal education, on the other hand, is also seen as significant wherein it should serve as root for knowledge or notions that should be further enhanced by the personal capabilities and talent. Also, talents, capabilities and dedication in the job is definitely instrumental in order to establish and stay in a line of career for a long period of time.Nonetheless, saying that confidence is a must in landing to a job and staying in the advertising industry is absolutely significant. Thus, the existence of self-loathing should be conquered in order to employ a steady job environment and pave the way for continuous personal and career growth. Likewise, it can be said that the most important point in the book is the argument that focus and goal stipulated with passion and dedication are in fact an essential formula to establish a career and survived the challenges of being employed, more especially in the advertising industry.In the end, with the above written facts and information about the book, it could be stated the information and thoughts depicted in the book are all factual as well as helpful fundamentals towards having a decent job or position and staying in the advertis ing industry. Thus, it is certain that the book and the writers are in(predicate) in achieving their goals as well as in serving their purpose that is seen to render a tangible reading guide for the people who aspire to land in a job and establish a career in the advertising industry.Nonetheless, all the thoughts and information rendered in the book are useful and induce for the readers as all of the points and statements are supported with relevant real world experiences and factual evidence that are tested to have produced positive results about the topic. fibre Vonk N. and Kestin J. (2005). Pick Me Breaking Into Advertising and Staying There. United States Wiley-IEEE.

Fire Hazards And Precautions

Fire Hazards And PrecautionsA first line support technician must be aw ar of the potential risks in an environment that uses calculating machines and their peripherals. The technician should also be aw be of safe working practices. This includes non only taking cargon of the human element within a work but also the proper care and handling of equipment.Health and safety issues range from the straightforward, e.g. common sense placement of a single computer, to the complex, e.g. hundreds of computers and some other whatchamacallits that charter to be networked together.Generally, computers are regarded as being safe devices that do not suddenly blow up or burst into flames. However, because all devices that use electrical energy have a potential to become breakneck coupled with the rapid strides in technology that has made computers faster and more powerful there are components within a computer system that can get very hot.In about instances, the safety devices built withi n the computer system should exclude adequate, e.g. integrates and circuit breakers but there may be cases when, due to unforeseen circumstances, a usher come to the fore happens. In the case of a antiaircraft there are steps that can be taken that testament minimise human injury and computer damage.Fire Awareness TipsDue to the serious character of fire and its consequence it is vital that you are aware of what is best to do if you discover a fire. Every workplace is legally bound to provide its round with details of fire exits, meeting points, and other guidelines ab proscribed what to do in the flatt of a fire. It is the employees responsibility to familiarise themselves with this information.The following are a common list of advice that you should follow if you discover a fireYou should try to put a fire out only if you discover it in its early stages and you are completely confident that you can put it out. Be aware, however, that even a small fire can spread quickly and soon become out of control. You safety and your fellow workers safety comes first.If you do decide to tackle the fire, make legitimate that if you cant control it that you can still escape and that your exit is not blocked. Also be aware that fire extinguishers are only designed to fight fires in their very early stages and that the extinguisher may not be adequate if the fire spreads and the room becomes filled with smoke or fumes.If you believe that the fire cannot be easily dealt with you should immediately set off the nearest fire alarm by breaking the glass and then leave through the appropriate fire exit. The fire brigade should be contacted immediately.Fire Pr takingsion Tipsthither are many common sense approaches with regards to cutting shore the risk of fire with relation to computer equipment, includingRegular cleaning and maintenance of equipment, e.g. to cut down the build up of dust in a system.Taking care not to expose computer equipment to water or other possib ly detrimental liquids, e.g. refraining from placing potted plants that have to be watered on top of computing equipment.Making sure that ventilation ducts are clear and free from obstruction.Making sure that cables are not frayed or damaged in any way.Fire ExtinguishersIt is vital that first line support technicians have an awareness of the several(predicate) types of fire extinguishers that are available, the purpose of each and how to use them.The first thing to note regarding fire extinguishers is that they are only designed to fight fire in its early stages. thither are many types of fire extinguisher that are designed to suit different situations in which a fire may come up and it is important that the correct extinguisher is apply for the type of fire being fought. gradees of FireDepending on the country you are in there are meagrely different categorisations of fire, .e.g. USA and Europe. We will examine the European classifications.In Europe, fires can be divided into six classesClass A These are fires involving flammable solids, e.g. wood, cloth, rubber, radical, and roughly types of plastics. An example of this type of fire would be a campsite fire.Class B These are fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids, e.g. petrol, crude oil, paint and also or so waxes plastics, but not cooking fats or oils.Class C These are fires involving flammable gases, e.g. natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane.Class D These are fires involving combustible metals, e.g. sodium, magnesium, and potassium.Class E These are fires involving any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but including electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.Class F These are fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of these types of fats and oil when on fire far exceeds that of other flammable liquids which means that normal fire extinguishers should not be used.Extinguisher MaintenanceAl fire extinguishers should be regularly checked to make sure that they are fully functional and ready to use if essential.In the UK, there are three types of maintenance solicitdBasic Service All extinguishers require this service annually and it includes checking pressure, weight and any other indication of damage.Extended Service pee, wet chemic, foam and pulverisation extinguishers have to be serviced every five years and the examination is more detailed than the basic service and includes a test discharge.Overhaul CO2 extinguishers require a thorough service every ten years.Each of the services includes the examiner signing and date stamping that the service has taken place. there are other full stops that can be used to fight fire such as fire blankets and hose reels but these are outside the remit of the course.Types of ExtinguisherWe will look at the following types of fire exting uisherWater and sudsCarbon DioxideDry and absurd Chemical powderizeWater and FoamWater extinguishers work by quickly removing the heat from the fire. Water extinguishers are only suitable for fighting Class A fires that involve materials such as wood, paper and textiles. Water should not be used to fight Class B fires because flammable liquids could be spread by the steam from the water, neither should they be used for Class E electrical fires because water conducts electricity there is a risk of electrocution.Foam extinguishers work by quickly removing heat and oxygen from the fire. Foam extinguishers are suitable for Class A and Class B fires. They are e redundantly suited for controlling Class B flammable liquid fires because the foam has a blanketing effect that smothers the flames without spreading the fire.Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers work by removing the oxygen element from the fire. Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are suitable for Class B and Class E fires , i.e. involving flammable liquids and electricity respectivelyCarbon dioxide extinguishers should not be used in confined spaces because they reduce the oxygen in the air. Also, do not hold the nozzle while using because this may lead to injuries such as cold burns because the CO2 is released at extremely low temperatures.Wet and Dry ChemicalWet chemic extinguishers work by removing the heat from the fire and by creating a barrier between the fuel and oxygen. Wet chemical extinguishers are suitable for Class F fires, i.e. cooking oil and fats, which can reach extremely high temperatures.Dry chemical extinguishers work by removing the chemical reaction of the fire. Dry chemical extinguishers are suitable for Class A, Class B and Class C fires, i.e. involving flammable liquids and electricity respectivelyPowderPowder extinguishers work by removing the heat from the fire or by separating the fuel and oxygen. Powder extinguishers are suitable for Class A, Class B and Class E fires.Fir e Extinguishers TaskGo to this website and have a look through this resource on Fire Extinguishers. Have a go at the examine at the end of it to see how much you have learned.Good Luck.Click on this link for a useful flash tutorial on fire extinguishers.Electrical HazardsAnything that uses electricity to work contains a risk that if it is faulty then it could lead to an electric shock. There are certain devices that are considered more dangerous than others and users should be warned that trying to fix these would be best left to professional electronic engineers, e.g. a computer monitor should not be opened even after mains power has been switched off because a dangerous electrical charge remains.Computers and their associated peripheral, such as printers, scanners are powered from the mains and as such are a potential hazard. Therefore, the risk of electric shocks applies to all users and not just technicians who have the systems opened while they are working with them.Greater ca re must be exercised when a technician is working with an open system. It is advised that all of the equipment under repair or modification is disconnected from the mains supply during the entire process.Hazard ProtectionThere are different hardware devices that can be used to guard against human injury and damage to expensive equipment. These includeFusesCircuit Breakers balance Current DevicesThese devices are designed to carry out one or more of the followingReduce the risk of fireReduce the risk of electrical shockReduce the risk of equipment damageFusesFuses and circuit breakers are devices that protect an electrical system from overload and short circuits. These devices are designed to protect equipment rather than users.These devices are on-going sensitive which are designed to cut power if the current rises above a preset limit.Fuses are a very common way of protecting equipment from power overloads and can be found in many places including the home. Any device, e.g. TV an d Video, which connects to the mains, will have a fuse in the plug. If you open a fuse you would see a thin wire or foil which will vaporise quickly if an overload of current goes through it. The fuse must then be replaced in order for the device to work again.Circuit BreakersA circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that carries out a very similar job as a fuse. They are designed to make circuits under normal conditions and to break circuits in the event of an overload, .e.g. a short circuit.The key difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker is that once a fuse has performed it profession it needs to be replaced, whereas a circuit breaker can be reset.Modern electricity supplies use circuit breakers rather than fuses and these will be located at different locations in a building.In the event of a circuit breaker tripping and cutting power, then this will throw in the towel an engineer to check the equipment for any faults before the circuit breaker can be safely reset .Another advantage of circuit breakers is that they can be switched off manually to allow safe repair and maintenance.Residual Current Devices (RCD)This is a device for human safety rather than solely protecting computer equipment and its function is to minimise the possibly of injury through electric shock. An RCD works by detecting if electricity is leaking from a circuit and if so it breaks the circuit.Most RDCs are combined with a circuit breaker and so will protect equipment in the case of an overload.Typically, RCDs can be tested by pressing a testing button with should cause the device to operate as if a dangerous leakage had occurred. If the device operates properly, it can be used in a live environment and will perform its function. RCDs should be checked on a regular basis to make sure that they are still carrying out properly.PAT RegulationsPortable Appliance Testing (PAT) is part of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 legislation. This legislation places legal impl ications on employers to ensure the safety of electrical devices in the workplace and the person most likely to carry out this kind of testing the first line support technician.The portable refers to any electrical item that can be travel from one location to another and therefore includes PCs, printers, scanners and many other electrical objects that can be found in the workplace.There are three parts to PAT Visual inspection Earth continuity test Insulation testPAT testing should be carried out a regular intervals, however, a common time frame is every 12 months.Electro Static Discharge (ESD)Electro Static Discharge (ESD) can cause a lot of damage to electronic components, such as those found in computer systems, e.g. the processor and RAM.The amount of ESD required to destroy or damage a computer component would not register with a human and at most a person would feel a little shock.Many of the semiconductor unit chips (integrated circuits) and other components in a computer sys tem operate at a low voltage and can be irreparably damaged by ESD2-5 volts and can be damaged by as little as 40 volts ESD.The causes of ESD includePeople moving about normallyEquipment being movedLow humidityPoor connectionsUnshielded cablesImproper groundingMinimising ESDSteps should be taken to minimise ESD, particularly by technicians working with components that are most susceptible to damage by it. Example solutions could includeInstallation of humidifiers to cut down on low humidity conditionsChanging the work environment, e.g. removing carpetsTraining of stave to make them aware of the problemThe use of devices or equipment to minimise ESDAnti-Static Precautions and Safety HazardsProbably the most common guard against ESD when working with computer components is an anti quiet wrist strap. This is a conductive strap that has a wire attached. The wire is typically attached to the computers casing or could be connected to a special plug inserted into an ordinary mains socket or to an anti unmoving work mat.An alternative to a wrist strap is an anti static heel strap which performs the equal function but will be connected to a anti static floor mat.Warning an important safety issue when using an antistatic device is not to work on any equipment where there is a possibility of touching a live or high voltage component. The anti static device will form an excellent path for the electricity to flow to ground through your body, and that would be extremely dangerous.It is also important that when touching components, such as processors andLSZH Sheathing Cable ProtectionLow Smoke Zero Halogen is a special type of cable sheath used by manufactures for a variety of types of cable, including network cables. Unlike the normal PVC cable top used that can produce toxic and corrosive gases when it burns, this type of cable covering does not release dangerous gases when it burns.Many organisations structured cabling schemes require that several cables be run togeth er. This can be extremely dangerous in the event of a fire because of the greater amount of PVC burning result in an increase in life threatening fumes. Generally, when this is the case, organisations will choose to give LSZH cabling.