Four Causes And The Problem Of Change

Four Causes And The Problem Of ChangeOnce a cow entered a field and began to destroy it. Suddenly the owner of the field precepting machine it, took the stick, and hit the buffalo. The buffalo ran away from the field. Here we see twain actions taking place, firstly the owner hitting the buffalo, which we can environ as the answer and the second action is the buffalo running away from the field, which we can c either the effect. Therefore, in that location is a clear relationship between these ii actions or events. The recoilulate former gives us the clear meaning that any intimacy responsible for alter, motion, or action,1as we saw in the above action. There are umpteen philosophers who spoke ab egress the name especially Aristotle. He explains what set about is. wherefore in that respect are causes? In order to deliver us reckon He wrote ab show up foursome important causes because, whatever he saw on the earth he began to point why? Therefore, the outcome of this question is the possibleness of causality and the problem of transmit. In this assignment, I would wish well to go in depth into Aristotles theory of four causes and the problem of metamorphose. Because in this conception the Non- livings and the livings do not re main(prenominal) the alike rather they modification in anything and everything.Aristotles theory of four causes and the problem of changeAs we know, Aristotle is one of the not bad(p) Greek philosophers. He studied below Plato. He has written umpteen books on numerous subjects. He is a father of many subjects like logic, political science, etc. Aristotle was convinced about his creative thinkers and thoughts that is why he did not change course with some of the intellects of his guru and even with the early(a) philosophers like Parmenides arguments. Plato bankd in the valet of views, for him the opinion and the mixed bag were real. However, For Aristotle the individual things were real, he believed in the world of truthfulness. Since he believed in the world of reality, he saw on this earth many beings so he called them as substances. Aristotle says, The substance is a unity of form and outcome. Substances undergo two types of changes accidental and radical.2Since he spoke about changes, there was a clash between Parmenides and Aristotle.The Greek philosopher Parmenides said, Reality is one and s tabularize,3that substance there cannot be any change. In other words, In reality there is no change at all all change is mere appearance because reality is one, which is unchanging.4Because Parmenides believed that there are only two possibilities, they are being and non-being. According to Parmenides if there is something then only something comes out and if there is zipper how can you expect something? The problem was that later he said that from being no being comes because He has no humor of potentiality in being. However, Aristotle says, every being has potentiality the refore there is change in everything. Since Aristotle said about the change, he had to bring out the neat arguments. Therefore, He began to explain by giving theory of four causes and the problem of change.Aristotle begins his arguments by saying that If something comes to be it must be grow in something. It cannot be rooted in nothing. But also it cannot be rooted in itself. So it must be rooted in a potentiality that something has for a range of (opposite, contrary) properties.5What he says is true because nothing can come from nothing rather. For eccentric if you concur an apple then only you can cut it and give it to others if we do not have how can we think of giving to others. Similarly, if we want something to come then there has to be something. A something that exists he calls them as substance. This substance under goes two types of changes as I mentioned earlier. He calls them as accidental change. In this type, a sculptor goes to sculpt a statue from a marble there h e realizes that inside that marble the statue exists. From this incident, Aristotle discovers the concept of potency. The word potency means the great power or the power. For instance, the marble has the potency to become a statue. Finally, he concludes by saying every being has the potency to change.He calls another change as the straightforward change. In which an puppet is dead and the other animal eats the dead animal here substance turns to something different which is not the alike(p). Finally, with these incidents Aristotle comes to conclusion that the substance undergoes changes. These substances are functioned by four causes. Now let us see the theory of the four causes by Aristotle.The material cause material cause deals with whatness of the substance. In other words, what an object or matter consists is a material cause. Every substance or object under goes a change, that receives a saucy form or a new look. We can subscribe an example a carpenter makes a table out of wood. This we can call as an accidental change. We can take an another example a jack fruit is fallen downwardly and a monkey begins to eat now the jack fruit is no more a jack fruit rather it is a pause of that monkey. This kind of change we can call as a substantial change because the substance loses its original form and becomes something else this is very common in this world because every day the animals, plants etc die, they become different forms. Therefore, this kind of change we can call as a material cause. I personally understand material cause as, in this existence whatever that exists has the matter and the form. The thing what it is I would call it as the material cause. Even when a new thing comes out and that new thing has identified by what it is therefore I would agree with Aristotle.The dinner dress cause In this cause, the word testicle itself gives us the idea of a form. As we read in the beginning there is no matter without form and no form without ma tter. Any wood is a substance and it is do of matter and the form. For example a brick, when a man makes the brick by giving the proper make to it then only it becomes as a brick and secondly he has the idea of the brick in his estimation therefore he makes the brick. According to the formal cause, the word form itself gives us the idea, that which exists should have the form. So similarly, a person has the idea of a brick in his mind and makes the brick. When the same bricks have arranged in proper order to build a house it has called as the formal cause. If a builder uses the bricks however he wants the wall will not rise and even if it rises it collapses. Similarly, if the librarian does not arrange the books in proper order then it will be something else only if the librarian arranges the books in the cupboard then it takes a better look and the shape. It has called as the formal cause. Finally, I want to say in simple words that the idea or the imagination that the maker ha s in his mind, the characteristics of the object that the maker or the spring gives to a thing can be called as the formal cause.The Efficient cause the efficient cause is the effort and the work of the originator or the agent, which changes the object. It means how the designer plans and what are the instruments he uses, how much gruelling he works counted in the efficient cause. So the efficient cause begins with the agent or the designer. In other words, that from which the change or the immunity from change first begins, e.g. the adviser is a cause of the action, and the father a cause of the child.6I would like to explain it through an example. I am going to a pond and collecting some clay and I prepare a beautiful statue. Here my effort and the force, which I employ to make the statue, is the reason for the efficient cause. In this example, I have an idea of a statue and since I have an idea, I make the statue. It is because of my effort and grievous work that a new stat ue comes to existence. I would say that it is an important cause because of this cause a new thing comes to exist.The nett cause the final examination cause is an important cause in which a new thing exists. Here a question arises why the agent or the designer made this thing for example the same story of mine do a pot out of clay. I make the pot because I wanted to keep it in my house in order to make use of cooking and to keep water in it. Similarly, a carpenter makes chair in order to sit on the chair. I strait everyday because it is necessary for my health so the final cause is the social function for which the change takes place. Therefore, there is a clear connection between all these four causes.These are the four causes of Aristotle. Later another great Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas adds one more cause to these four causes. Which is called as an exemplary cause. Exemplary causality is the casual influence exercised by a model or an exemplar on the operation.7If I take the same example of the clay and the statue here, first I have an idea in my mind therefore I make the statue. This idea in the mind we can call as the exemplary cause. However, it may have the same resemblance of the other causes but it deals with the idea. It guides the inner intellect.Aristotles causes were mainly on echtity but Aquinass cause is on potentiality and actuality that means on idea and the actual factor. Since Aristotle also dealt about this, Aquinas gives more importance on idea, which he calls as essence. Since he added to the theory of Aristotle on existence and essence, Aristotles theory took a better form and got more value than earlier.Finally, Aristotle concludes his theory of four causes by saying there is cause and effect, everything under goes a change. As I mentioned in the beginning Aristotle saw everything that exists and asked why these are in this way. This made him to find out why everything changes in this world. Finally, when he finds out the reasons for change he concludes by saying that there must be someone who is a autocratic mover and the cause for a change. Because according to his theory if there is a watch there must be a designer or the Watchmaker, similarly when there is a change in everything there must be someone who is a cause maker. Aristotle calls him as a prime of life mover.He also believes that the prime mover is the final cause and he is unchangeable, because he has no form. For Aristotle the prime mover is divine. by and by long arguments and disagreements with other philosophers Aristotle says, in the universe everything changes. The whole universe depends on the prime mover and he is cause for all the changes, which take place. He is the ultimate cause or the prime mover. Aristotle calls him as a supreme being or the supreme mover but the great Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas calls him as a God. I too agree with Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle because both believe in the divinity. Since I bel ieve that if I have something then must be a agent of that so when I say this universe exists it is sure that the creator of the universe exists. I also agree that in this universe everything changes. God is the prime mover.ConclusionI would conclude by saying that the four causes of Aristotle and the other one cause by Thomas Aquinas are the main reasons, which affects an object. The five causes play an important role in everything that exists in the universe. whole these causes linked to each other. Each and everything that exists on this universe has a map that is why all the causes explain to us the existence of the beings. These beings undergo a change. God is the ultimate change maker or the beginner of all the causes.