Determining the Success of a Project

De considerationining the Success of a wanderSuccess has always been the ultimate remnant of every slip of go through. Many specialists in the field give up performed extensive researches in an attempt to analyse and define what decl be oneselfs winner is. Judging the achiever of a communicate is rather an elusive concept since or so witnesss we hear may be a failure to one set of stakeholders while others may watch it to be a advantage. This bind makes an attempt to define supremacy in escorts based on the take form of experts in this field of examine.IntroductionA bug erupt can be defined as a unique venture with a beginning and an reverse conducted by batch to meet established goals deep down a parameter of cost reduced and quality increased (Field Keller, P.2). furthermore a ascertain has the succeeding(a) toneistics such(prenominal)(prenominal) as specific objectives, required resources, have a budget and enrolment, and requires exploit of community, measures quality and eventually functions within a life make pass. On the contrary, learn attention can be defined as the way of controlling the victory of the final cause objectives, by the use of existing music directorial structure and roof to manage the labor by linking a compilation of tools and skill without interrupting the regular function of a company.The pronounce succeeder is a fascinating word as its is known universally and is broad in character defining it is non easy, because if asked from different individuals its meaning would change according their perceptions. Project success can be considered as one of the indistinct concepts of visualize management. Since each stakeholder of a project has different needs and expectations, it is putting green to anticipate them defining project success in their own way of understanding (Cleland Ireland, 2004, p2).The Sydney Opera kinsperson project is a typical drill of how different stakeholders have different perspectives of a project. The Opera preindication (Thomsett, 2002) took 4 times more of the original time to finish and its cost went 16 times over budget. But the nett impact the Opera House performd was so immense it simply made people overlook the projects original unmet goals. The project was a huge hit for the general public even though it was considered as a failure in the insure of project management. On the contrary, the construction of the Millennium edible bean in London was a project that was completed on time and on budget scarce the British public considered it a failure because it didnt deliver the glamour that it was originally expected to make (Cammack, 2005).Since at that place is widespread variance of opinions in the study of success in projects, many learned writers seem to have given various views on this topic based on extensive research and surveys. Their works mark among project success, project success criteria and project success factors.Project s uccessJugdev and Muller (2005) in their article pointed out that in order to identify what success means in a project framework is like obtaining consensus from a group of individuals on the explanation of Good Art. Project success is a musical theme matter that is commonly talked about and yet very hardly settled upon (Baccarini, 1999). Commonly, the attitudes on project success have developed gradually over the age from simple explanations that were restricted to the implementation phase of the project life cycle to explanations that reflect gratitude of success over the whole project and ingathering life cycle (Jugdev and Muller, 2005).Cleland (1986) suggested that project success is significant only if measured from two vantage points the extent to which the projects technical cognitive process objective was accomplished on time and within budget the contribution that the project made to the strategic mission of the organization.According to Pinto Slevin (1988) in their re search after sampling over 650 project managers concluded that, Project Success is something difficult than just meeting cost, time, and doing specifications. As a matter of fact, clients contentment with the final result has a great deal to do with the perceived success or collapse of projects.Baccarini (1999) notice two different components of project successProject Management Success This concentrates upon the project process and curiously the successful achievement of cost, time, and quality. Also the way in which the project management process was performed will be considered.Product Success This deals with the effects of the projects final product. A clear difference should be made among product success and project management success, in order to properly identify and evaluate project management success and product success, as they ar differ from each other.According to Baccarini (1999), Project success can be summarized asProject success = project management success + project product successWith this definition in mind, it is also important to compreh discontinue what measures enable us to judge whether a project is successful or not. These measures are termed as Project success criteria.Project success criteriaCrawfords (2002) view is that project success is an important project management issue and also in discussions, a oftentimes discussed topic is, it is difficult to find an agreement on the criteria by which success is judged. (Pinto and Slevin 1988 Freeman and Beale 1992 Shenhar, Levy, and Dvir 1997 Baccarini 1999).A study of literature also reveals that a greater level of agreement with the definitions given by Baker, Murphy and pekan (1988) that project success is a subject of perception and it is considered to be an overall success if the project meets requirements such as technical performance specifications, mission to be performed. It also needs a high distributor point of satisfaction about the project results among the key peop le of the project team up and the key users of the project effortThe renowned and famous criteria to measure project success have been known as Golden triangle or Iron Triangle. Hence Cost, time and qulity is referd to as the central criteria of the Golden Triangle (Atkinson, 1999, p338). Atkinson continues that this method of standard project success have not been changed or developed in almost fifty years (1999, p338).According to Stuckenbruck (1986), quantifyment on project success should be done by different stakeholder groups such as customers, managers, employees, shootholders, etc. Thus it was proposed that the criteria for assessing project success should reflect different stakeholder views.Freeman and Beale (1992) presented an appealing example of different perceptions of people. According to their study An architect may consider success in terms of aesthetic appearance, an engineer in terms of technical competence, an accountant in terms of dollars spent under budge t, a human resources manager in terms of employee satisfaction, and chief executive officers rate their success in the stock grocery. In their study Freeman and Beale (1992) set and proposed seven main criteria for measuring success of projects.Technical performanceEfficiency in project executionManagerial and organizational implicationsPersonal growthProject cobblers lastTechnical innovativeness and business performanceManufacturing feasibilityWideman (1996, p3-4) believes that project success is time subordinate and therefore it should be assessed with time taken into consideration. The reason behind time dependency is based on the fact that project success varies with time. Wideman(1996) illustrated four time dependant groups as mentioned below.Internal project objectives efficiency during the project good to customer effectiveness in the short termDirect contribution assessed in the medium termFuture opportunity assessed in the long termShenhar, Dvir and Levy(1997) const ructed a universal multidimensional framework that would inspection and repair in assessing project success. In their methodology, project success is perceived as a strategic management concept where the end result of the project would fit with the strategic direction of a company whom the end result of the project is originally intended to serve. Their study also revealed that project success is time dependant and thus they identified four groups and translated them into measurable criteria.Internal Project Efficiency (Pre- finale) meeting schedule terminate within budgetOther resource constraints metImpact of the Customer (Short term)Meeting functional performanceMeeting technical specifications standardsFavorable impact on customer, customers gainFulfilling customers needsSolving customers problemCustomer is employ productCustomer expresses satisfactionBusiness and Direct Success (Medium term)Immediate business/commercial eruditionImmediate revenue profits enhancedLarger mar ket share generatedPreparing for the Future (Long term)Will create new opportunities for the futureWill position customer competitivelyWill create new marketWill assist in developing new technologyWill add/has added capabilities competenciesProject success factorsAs defined by Cooke-Davies Success factors are those inputs to the management system that lead directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business (Cooke-Davies, 2002, p185). In practice, some project managers instinctively take root their own project success factors. heretofore, most of these factors are not cl other(a) documented, thus are not considered to become a part of formal project management literature or historical project data (Rad Levin, 2002, p18).From the 1980s to 2000 many researchers have attempted to identify success factors for projects. Kerzner (1987), Pinto and Slevin (1987-1989), (Sadeh, Dvir, Shenhar, 2000), Cooke Davis (2002) and Muller and Turner (2005) are among the top researcher s who have conducted extensive researches in this area of study.The table below (Table 1) points out critical success factors that were identified by specialists, and were later reviewed and tabulated by Belassi and Tukel (1996).Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983)Clear goalsGoal commitment of project teamOn-site project managerAdequate funding to completionAdequate project team cap exponentAccurate initial cost estimatesMinimum start-up difficultiesPlanning and control techniquesAbsence of bureaucracy employ (1984)Make project commitments knownProject authority from the topAppoint competent project managerSet up communications and proceduresSet up control mechanisms (schedules, etc.)Progress meetingsCleland and King (1983)Project heavysetOperational conceptTop management gageFinancial supportLogistic requirementsFacility supportMarket intelligence (who is the client)Project scheduleExecutive development and trainingManpower and organization development and communication channelsProjec t reviewPinto and Slevin (1989)Top management supportClient consultation force-out recruitmentTechnical tasksClient acceptanceMonitoring and feedbackCommunicationTrouble-shootingCharacteristics of the project team leader king and politicsEnvironment eventsUrgencyTable 1 Critical success factors tabulated by Belassi and Tukel (1996).Belassi and Tukel (1996) in their study, examine the above mentioned success factors and grouped them into four areas.Factors related to the projectFactors related to the project managers and the team membersFactors related to the organizationFactors related to the external environment.It is evident that whatever critical success factors that are known, can be grouped under these four areas identified by Belassi and Tukel (1996).Dvir, Raz, Shenhar (2003) conducted a survey among 100 Israeli defense lawyers projects, and their findings pointed out a noteworthy positive connection between the projects success and each of the factors listed below.The amo unt of effort spent in defining and identifying the goals of the projectThe functional requirementsTechnical specifications of the projectAccording to Verma (1995, 1996) communication, leadership and teamwork are essential for efficient management of project human resources and are vital to achieve project objectives successfully.Murray, J.P. (2001) identified nine factors that could coerce an IT project into success or failure.Proper senior management commitment to the projectAmple amount of project financial supportA well defined set of project requirements and specificationsCautious development of a all-inclusive project plan that incorporates enough time and flexibility to know and deal with unanticipated difficulties as they ariseA proper commitment of time and attention from the client, have with a rapture to see it through to the endFrank, accurate reporting of the status of the project and of electromotive force complexities as they ariseA critical assessment of the ri sks inherent in the project, and potential harm associated with those risks, and the ability of the project team to manage those risksThe development of appropriate contingency plansAn objective evaluation of the capability and enthusiasm of the organization to stay on the project courseTurner Mller (2004, 2005) conducted studies on the impact of project manager and his/her involvement and leadership style on project success. Turner Mller (2005) believe that prehistorical literature on the subject of Project success factors, have ignored the impact of a project manager on project success. However, Turner and Muller (2005, p59) has rather given a contradictive conclusion that the leadership style and competence of the project manager have no impact on project success.In concern to project management, project success also relies on the capability to systematize, coordinate, and support a diverse group functioning towards a common target. Project success factors may differ depending on the type of project. Thus it is important to have a clear idea on what factors drives each type of project toward success. This would enable the project stakeholders to accomplish what they perceive as success.ConclusionIn the past it was believed that if a projects completion time exceeds its due date, or expenses overran the budget, or its results did not satisfy a companys preset performance criteria, the project was considered to be a failure. At present it is unsounded that determining whether a project is a success or failure is far more complex.It is important for a project manager to be informed of what the stakeholders consider as a successful project. In order to avoid any surprises at the end of the project, it is important to identify the different perspectives of what success means before the project begins.It is in the main agreed that schedule and budget performance may be considered as insufficient measures of project success however they are still important c omponents of the overall constructs. Quality is interconnected with issues of achievement of functional objectives, specifications and issues of technical performance. It is also understood that a projects success varies with time and varies in the eye of various project stakeholders. Thus, a criteria used to assess project success should be time dependent and should be using multiple perspectives of stakeholders. However, future studies may reveal other successful means of success criteria.As for success factors, they can be generally grouped into four distinct sets. General management literature shows how effective leadership is a success factor in organizations, and has revealed that a proper leadership style can lead to better performance. However studies on leadership in project context are contradicting with this perception. A common factor pointed out by many authors is that senior management support is one of the most important factors that can drive projects toward success or failure. Success factors may vary depending on the project type. In conclusion, early assortment of success criteria can ensure a definite view of how the project will be judged and early detection of success factors will assure a safe path to deliver success.